NUMBER 13-13-00295-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
VALLI CONSTRUCTION, INC., Appellant,
v.
ALVITES CONCRETE SERVICES
AND ALVITES PLUMBING INC., Appellee.
On appeal from the 148th District Court
of Nueces County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Benavides and Longoria
Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Valdez
By two issues, appellant, Valli Construction Inc. (Valli), appeals the trial court’s
order denying its motion to compel arbitration in favor of appellees, Alvites Concrete
Services L.L.C. and Alvites Plumbing Inc. (the Alvites Parties). Valli contends that the
trial court erred by: (1) overruling objections to the Alvites Parties’ evidence; and (2)
finding that the arbitration clause was unconscionable. We reverse and remand.
I. BACKGROUND
AutoNation Chevrolet Corpus Christi L.P. (AN Chevrolet) hired Valli as the general
contractor to complete a construction project. Valli subsequently hired the Alvites Parties,
two small locally-owned companies, as subcontractors to work on the plumbing and
concrete for the project. Valli agreed to the Alvites Parties’ bid price and instructed them
to begin work on the project immediately. There was no written contract when work began
on the project. Later the parties agreed to Subcontractors Agreements, which contained
an arbitration provision stating that all claims under the agreement shall be submitted to
arbitration in Santa Clara County, California.
Fox Tree & Landscape Nursery Inc. (Fox Tree) sued Valli and AN Chevrolet for
claims arising out of the construction project. Subsequently, AN Chevrolet sued Valli and
its subcontractors, including the Alvites Parties.1 On April 18, 2012, the Alvites Parties
filed a counterclaim against AN Chevrolet2 and a cross-action against Valli, alleging
breach of contract, quantum meruit, and misapplication of trust funds. On February 15,
2013, Valli filed a motion to compel arbitration on the Alvites Parties’ cross-claims. The
Alvites Parties filed a response in which they conceded that the Subcontractor
Agreements contained an arbitration agreement and that the claims in their cross-action
were covered by the scope of the arbitration agreement. However, the Alvites Parties
argued that they could avoid enforcement of the arbitration agreement because it was
unconscionable.
1 The petitions and documents relating to these lawsuits are not included in the appellate record,
and they were not cited or specifically referred to in either the motion to compel arbitration or the response
to the motion to compel arbitration.
2 The petitions and documents relating to the Alvites Parties’ counterclaim against AN Chevrolet
are not included in the appellate record, and they were not cited or specifically referred to in either the
motion to compel arbitration or the response to the motion to compel arbitration
2
The Alvites Parties presented evidence in the form of an affidavit executed by
Javier Munive, their operations manager. In the affidavit, Munive stated: (1) the Alvites
Parties negotiated a price to provide plumbing and concrete material and services for
improvements on property owned by AN Chevrolet; (2) AN Chevrolet instructed the
Alvites Parties to begin work immediately without entering into a formal contract; (3) after
work began, Valli sent the Alvites Parties formal contracts; (4) the Alvites Parties
attempted to discuss the terms of the contracts with Valli, but were told by a Valli
representative to sign and return the contracts; and (5) the Alvites Parties signed the
contracts because they had already begun work on the project. The affidavit further
alleged that (1) the Alvites Parties had no real bargaining power regarding the terms of
the contract; (2) the Alvites Parties did not recognize the significance and ramifications of
the contract; (3) “to enforce the arbitration and venue provisions. . . would be an extreme
hardship and costly” because they would have to pay an arbitrator and hire local counsel
in California and because most of the witnesses live in Texas; and (4) that arbitration in
California would cause substantial delay in resolving the dispute.
The trial court found the arbitration agreement unconscionable and denied Valli’s
motion to compel arbitration. This appeal followed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
When reviewing an order denying arbitration, we apply a de novo standard to legal
determinations and a no-evidence standard to factual determinations. PER Group, L.P.
v. Dava Oncology, L.P., 294 S.W.3d 378, 384 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.). In
reviewing the trial court’s factual determinations, we must credit favorable evidence if a
reasonable fact finder could and disregard contrary evidence unless a reasonable fact
finder could not. Royston, Rayzor, Vickery & Williams, L.L.P. v. Lopez, 443 S.W.3d 196,
3
201 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2013, pet. filed) (orig. proceeding); PER Group, L.P., 294
S.W.3d at 384.
The party asserting unconscionability bears the burden of proof. Royston, Rayzor,
Vickery & Williams, L.L.P, 443 S.W.3d at 201; In re Turner Bros. Trucking Co., 8 S.W.3d
370, 376–77 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1999, no pet.) (orig. proceeding). Whether a
contract is contrary to public policy or unconscionable at the time it is formed is a question
of law. In re Poly-Am., L.P., 262 S.W.3d 337, 348 (Tex. 2008) (orig. proceeding); Hoover
Slovacek LLP v. Walton, 206 S.W.3d 557, 562 (Tex. 2006) (orig. proceeding). Because
a trial court has no discretion to determine what the law is or apply the law incorrectly, its
clear failure to properly analyze or apply the law of unconscionability constitutes an abuse
of discretion. In re Poly–America, L.P., 262 S.W.3d at 349; Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d
833, 840 (Tex. 1992).
III. APPLICABLE LAW
Valli filed its motion to compel arbitration under the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA).
See 9 U.S.C.A. § 2 (West 2013). The FAA governs arbitration clauses enforced in Texas
if the parties are from different states and the subject matter involves interstate
commerce. In re L & L Kempwood Assocs., L.P., 9 S.W.3d 125, 127 (Tex. 1999) (orig.
proceeding). Under the FAA, a written arbitration agreement “shall be valid, irrevocable,
and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation
of any contract.” 9 U.S.C.A. § 2.
“[C]ourts treat arbitration agreements under the FAA as other contracts in applying
the legal rules to interpret them.” In re Olshan Found. Repair Co., LLC, 328 S.W.3d 883,
889 (Tex. 2010) (orig. proceeding). Under Texas law, a party can avoid enforcement of
a contract if it can prove that it is unconcsionable. Id. at 893. Unconscionability is an
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affirmative defense to an arbitration agreement and therefore the party asserting the
defense bears the burden of proof. In re AdvancePCS Health L.P., 172 S.W.3d 603, 608
(Tex. 2005) (orig. proceeding).
Texas law recognizes both substantive and procedural unconscionability. In re
Palm Harbor Homes, Inc., 195 S.W.3d 672, 677 (Tex. 2006) (orig. proceeding).
“Substantive unconscionability refers to the fairness of the arbitration provision itself,
whereas procedural unconscionability refers to the circumstances surrounding adoption
of the arbitration provision.” Id. Generally, a contract is unconscionable if, “given the
parties’ general commercial background and the commercial needs of the particular trade
or case, the clause involved is so one-sided that it is unconscionable under the
circumstances existing when the parties made the contract.” In re Olshan Found. Repair
Co. LLC, 328 S.W.3d at 893 (citing TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 2.302, cmt. 1 (West,
Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.)). “The principle is one of the prevention of oppression
and unfair surprise and not of disturbance of allocation of risks because of superior
bargaining power.” TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 2.302, cmt. 1 (internal citation omitted).
IV. DISCUSSION
As an initial matter, the parties dispute whether the Alvites Parties were required
to show both procedural and substantive unconscionability to avoid enforcement of the
arbitration agreement. In Royston, Rayzor, Vickery & Williams, L.L.P., we expressly
determined that a showing of both types of unconscionability was not required. 443
S.W.3d at 204. Here, we need not decide whether we should revisit that holding because
we determine that the Alvites Parties have failed to satisfy their burden to prove either
procedural or substantive unconscionability.
a. Procedural Unconscionability
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In their response to the motion to compel arbitration, the Alvites Parties asserted
that the agreement was procedurally unconscionable because: (1) Valli is a large
national construction contractor that handles multi-million dollar construction contracts
while the Alvites Parties are small, locally-owned companies; and (2) the Alvites Parties
had no bargaining power and no choice but to accept the arbitration agreement drafted
by Valli because Valli had previously directed them to begin work on project before the
Alvites Parties signed the Subcontractor Agreements.
Procedural unconscionability relates to the making or inducement of the contract,
focusing on the facts surrounding the bargaining process. Royston, Rayzor, Vickery &
Williams, L.L.P., 443 S.W.3d at 204. In this analysis, some courts have considered
whether the party seeking to compel arbitration employed sharp business practices and
whether one of the parties lacked a choice in whether to enter into the agreement. See
El Paso Natural Gas Co. v. Minco Oil & Gas Co., 964 S.W.2d 54, 61 (Tex. App.—Amarillo
1997, pet. granted), rev’d on other grounds sub nom. El Paso Natural Gas Co. v. Minco
Oil & Gas, Inc., 8 S.W.3d 309 (Tex. 1999); see also Wade v. Austin, 524 S.W.2d 79, 87
(Tex. Civ. App.—Texarkana 1975, no writ) (holding that a contract was not procedurally
unconscionable when a party had other available alternatives to signing the arbitration
agreement). However, ultimately, under the FAA, unequal bargaining power does not
itself establish grounds for defeating an agreement to arbitrate “absent a well-supported
claim that the clause resulted from the sort of fraud or overwhelming economic power that
would provide grounds for revocation of any contract.” In re AdvancePCS Health L.P.,
172 S.W.3d at 608. The principles of unconscionability do not negate a bargain because
one party to the agreement may have been in a less advantageous bargaining position.
In re Palm Harbor Homes, Inc., 195 S.W.3d at 679. Instead, unconscionability principles
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are applied to prevent unfair surprise or oppression. Id.; In re McKinney, 167 S.W.3d
833, 835 (Tex. 2005) (orig. proceeding) (holding that absent fraud, misrepresentation, or
deceit, parties are bound by terms of the contract they signed, regardless of whether they
read it or thought it had different terms).
First, the Alvites Parties’ general allegation that Valli is a large national company
and that the Alvites Parties are small, locally-owned businesses does not establish that
the clause resulted from “overwhelming economic power.” See In re Advance PCS
Health L.P., 172 S.W.3d at 608. Second, the fact that the Alvites Parties had already
begun construction does not support a finding that the Alvites Parties had no bargaining
power and therefore had no choice but to enter into the agreement. The Alvites Parties
made the initial decision to begin construction without a formal contract. While Munive,
in his affidavit, contended that Valli directed the Alvites Parties to begin work immediately,
there is no evidence that the Alvites Parties were coerced into beginning construction or
that they were the victim of any “sharp” business practices. See Minco Oil & Gas Co.,
964 S.W.2d at 61. In addition, Munive’s contentions that the Alvites Parties attempted
to discuss the terms of the contracts with Valli, but were told by a Valli representative to
sign and return the contracts, and that the Alvites Parties signed the contracts because
they had already begun work on the project, do not support a conclusion that the Alvites
Parties had no choice but to sign the contract. Even after choosing to begin work without
signing a formal contract, the Alvites Parties could have refused to sign the arbitration
agreement and attempted to recover the funds they had already expended through a
claim for a breach of the oral contract or quantum meruit. For the foregoing reasons, we
conclude that none of the conduct alleged in the Munive affidavit constitutes deception,
fraud, misrepresentation, surprise, or oppression sufficient to prove procedural
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unconscionability. See In re Palm Harbor Homes, Inc., 195 S.W.3d at 679; In re
McKinney, 167 S.W.3d at 835.
b. Substantive Unconscionability
The Alvites Parties alleged that the arbitration agreement was substantively
unconscionable because:
1) it would be excessively expensive for the [Alvites Parties] to have to
arbitrate their cross claims against Valli in Santa Clara County California
. . . [and]
2) It would be unfair to require the [Alvites Parties] to arbitrate their cross-
claims against Valli while the [Alvites Partie’s] counter-claims against the
Plaintiff in the suit, AN Chevrolet Corpus Christi L.P., are not subject to
arbitration. The Alvites Parties would have to pay to litigate its counter-
claims against AN Chevrolet Corpus Christi L.P. in this suit while having
to also pay for initiating a separate arbitration proceeding in California
against Valli arising from the same project.
1) Unconscionability Based on Cost
The party opposing arbitration bears the burden to show that the costs of
arbitration render it unconscionable. In re Olshan Found. Repair Co., LLC, 328 S.W.3d
at 893. When “a party seeks to invalidate an arbitration agreement on the ground that
arbitration would be prohibitively expensive, that party bears the burden of showing the
likelihood of incurring such costs.” Id. (citing Green Tree Fin. Corp.-Alabama v. Randolph,
531 U.S. 79, 92 (2000)). Texas courts likewise require “some evidence that a complaining
party will likely incur arbitration costs in such an amount as to deter enforcement of
statutory rights in the arbitral forum.” Id.
In In re Olshan, Texas Supreme Court reasoned:
In the absence of unusual animus between the parties or external motives,
plaintiffs continue to pursue claims when the expected benefits of the
lawsuit outweigh the total cost of bringing it. If the total cost of arbitration is
comparable to the total cost of litigation, the arbitral forum is equally
accessible. Thus, a comparison of the total costs of the two forums is the
most important factor in determining whether the arbitral forum is an
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adequate and accessible substitute to litigation. Other factors include the
actual cost of arbitration compared to the total amount of damages the
claimant is seeking and the claimant’s overall ability to pay the arbitration
fees and costs. These factors may also show arbitration to be an
inadequate and inaccessible forum for the particular claimants to vindicate
their rights. However, these considerations are less relevant if litigation
costs more than arbitration.
328 S.W.3d at 894–95.
Accordingly, the Court explained that,
for evidence to be sufficient, it must show that the plaintiffs are likely to be
charged excessive arbitration fees. While we do not mandate that claimants
actually incur the cost of arbitration before they can show its excessiveness,
parties must at least provide evidence of the likely cost of their particular
arbitration, through invoices, expert testimony, reliable cost estimates, or
other comparable evidence. See Poly–America, 262 S.W.3d at 354–55
(concluding that the plaintiff's “own affidavit and that of an expert witness
providing detailed estimates of the likely cost of arbitration in [the plaintiff's]
case” constituted sufficient evidence); Olshan Found. Repair Co. v. Ayala,
180 S.W.3d 212, 215–16 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2005, pet. denied)
(holding invoice for party's share of arbitration expenses sufficient).
Evidence that merely speculates about the risk of possible cost is
insufficient.
In re Olshan Found Repair Co. LLC, 328 S.W.3d at 895. Ultimately, the Olshan Court
overturned the denial of a motion to compel arbitration because the party seeking to avoid
arbitration “provided no comparison of [the costs of arbitration] to the expected cost of
litigation, the amount of their claim, or their ability to pay these costs.” Id. at 894–97 (citing
Honrubia Props., Ltd. v. Gilliland, No. 13-07-210-CV, 2007 WL 2949567, at *7 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi Oct. 11, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.) (finding that an appellee failed
to show that an arbitration agreement was substantively unconscionable because the
record was “devoid of evidence pertaining to the expected cost differential between
arbitration and litigation in court”).
Here, as their sole evidence that the costs of the arbitration proceedings rendered
the arbitration clause unconscionable, the Alvites Parties provided the Munive Affidavit in
9
which Munive generally stated that “to enforce the arbitration and venue provisions . . .
would be an extreme hardship and costly” because they would have to pay an arbitrator
and hire local counsel in California and because most of the witnesses live in Texas. The
Alvites Parties provided no specific evidence of the costs they expected to incur, the
expected cost differential between arbitration and litigation in court, or their ability to pay
the costs of arbitration. See id. They therefore provided insufficient evidence to show
that the arbitration agreement was cost prohibitive. See id.
2) Unconscionability Based on Arbitration’s Relationship to Other Claims
In response to the motion to compel arbitration, the Alvites Parties argued that it
would be unfair to have to litigate their claims against AN Chevrolet and be involved in
arbitration proceedings with Valli. The primary thrust of the Alvites Parties’ argument to
the trial court was that continuing their involvement in both arbitration proceedings and its
lawsuit against AN Chevrolet would be cost prohibitive. However, as noted above, they
have presented none of the evidence required under Texas law to indicate that arbitration
would be cost prohibitive. See id.
On appeal, the Alvites Parties also argue that enforcement of the arbitration
agreement would “unfairly burden them in the underlying suit.”3 Specifically, referring to
their counter-claim against AN Chevrolet, they argue that “if the arbitration provisions are
enforced, two cases with almost identical issues would be working their way through two
3 The attorney for Fox Tree was present during the hearing on the motion to compel and explained
that she did not see how the causes of action subject to the arbitration provision could be severable from
the other causes of action involving the same subject matter because the claims had become a “procedural
mishmash.” Moreover, at the hearing, the attorney for the Alvites Parties generally contended that the
“dispute between [AN Chevrolet] and Valli is extremely pertinent to my client’s ability to collect from which
of those parties—whichever of those parties committed the fraud.” The trial court responded, “I am leaning
toward denying the Motion to Compel arbitration. It just seems strange that we would stop this lawsuit—
this portion of the lawsuit and transfer it to California for arbitration.” At the end of the hearing, the trial court
ruled, “Well, I’m going to find the arbitration agreement to be substantially [sic] and procedurally
unconscionable and deny the motion to compel arbitration.”
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different systems which could result in two different conclusions.” However, the Alvites
Parties have directed us to no authority, and we find none, in support of their claim that
unconscionability can be based on the enforced arbitration proceeding’s relationship to
causes of action the party attempting to avoid arbitration has against other parties or on
other parties’ claims arising out of the same subject matter.4
Moreover, in response to the motion to compel, the Alvites Parties did not refer
specifically to any facts or claims made by it or other parties or provide any evidence that
established that any of the claims were dependent on one another. In the sole evidence
presented in support of their unconsionability claim, Munive, the Alvites Parties’ operation
manager, only generally contended that arbitration would cause a delay in the lawsuit.
Therefore, to the extent that this is a cognizable legal argument, the Alvites Parties did
not argue facts or provide relevant evidence to the trial court indicating that the arbitration
proceedings and the proceedings in the trial court could render irreconcilable conclusions.
Where no such showing has been made, allowing a plaintiff to avoid an arbitration clause
simply because they have pending claims against another party arising out of the same
subject matter could deprive defendants who contract for an arbitration provision of their
statutory right to arbitration any time they are involved in multiparty litigation. Particularly
given that the Alvites Parties did not provide evidence that they would be threatened with
inconsistent results, we conclude that the arbitration’s potential effect on the Alvites
Parties’ suit against AN Chevrolet, or on the other parties involved in the litigation, does
4 Texas courts have compelled nonparties to a contract to arbitrate when the nonparty files suit
based on a contract containing an arbitration agreement because the nonparty “subjects him or herself to
the contract’s terms.” In re FirstMerit Bank, N.A., 52 S.W.3d 749 (Tex. 2001) (orig. proceding). However,
as noted above, the Alvites Parties have cited no authority, and we find none, indicating that a party to a
contract may avoid terms of the contract because it is involved in litigation with nonparties to the contract
arising out of the same subject matter.
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not render the arbitration provision substantively unconscionable. Id. Because the Alvites
Parties have not satisfied their burden to show that the arbitration provision is either
procedurally or substantively unconscionable, we sustain Valli’s second point of error.5
Id.
V. CONCLUSION
We reverse the trial court’s order and remand for proceedings consistent with this
opinion.6
____________________
ROGELIO VALDEZ
Chief Justice
Delivered and filed the
30th day of December, 2014.
5 Because we conclude that, in consideration of all the evidence admitted, the Alvites Parties did
not satisfy their burden to prove that the arbitration clause was unconscionable, we need not address Valli’s
first issue in which it argues that the trial court erred by overruling its objections to evidence. See TEX. R.
APP. P 47.1. Therefore, we assume without deciding that all evidence considered by the trial court was
properly admitted.
6 On June 12, 2014, Valli’s attorney filed an unopposed motion to withdraw as counsel and an
unopposed motion for temporary relief from the stay of proceedings in the trial court. We previously carried
both motions with this case. We grant both motions and order that the stay in the trial court be lifted for the
limited purpose of allowing the trial court to consider the attorney’s motion to withdraw as counsel.
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