J-S68024-14
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN THE INTEREST OF: M.T., A MINOR IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
APPEAL OF: M.T., FATHER No. 1543 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Order entered March 21, 2014,
in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, Family
Court, at No(s): CP-51-AP-0001772-2013
BEFORE: ALLEN, JENKINS, and MUSMANNO, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY JENKINS, J.: FILED FEBRUARY 06, 2015
M.T. (“Father”) appeals from the order entered on March 21, 2014,
finding that his daughter, M.T., born March of 2013 (“Child”), was the victim
of aggravated child abuse and finding the abuse proven as to Father.
Additionally, the trial court ordered that efforts were to remain toward
reunification with Father. We affirm.
On August 19, 2013, the Department of Human Services (“DHS”)
received a Child Protective Services (“CPS”) Report alleging that Child had
been taken to Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (“CHOP”) on August 18,
2013 for a physical examination, lung examination, chest X-rays, and blood
tests, which revealed multiple healing rib fractures involving the fourth
through ninth lateral left ribs, the left eighth posterior rib, and the sixth
through eighth lateral right ribs. The report also stated there was an area
of scoliosis on the tenth left rib that may have been caused by injury, and
there was situs solitus with the left aortic arch. The report stated that
J-S68024-14
Father took Child to the Emergency Room because of concerns related to
Child’s breathing. The report also stated that Father explained Child’s
injuries occurred either from a fall from a bed when Child was under the
supervision of Father’s girlfriend, P.D., or from when Father may have
squeezed Child tightly while holding her during a physical altercation with
Mother. The physical confrontation between Father and Mother occurred
when Child was approximately two months old. After the incident, Child
remained in the exclusive physical custody of Father. Furthermore, the
report alleged that the hospital suspected Child’s injuries were non-
accidental, and that Father’s explanations were not plausible.
On August 22, 2013, DHS obtained an Order of Protective Custody
(“OPC”), and placed Child in the care of F.W., Child’s godmother. At a
shelter care hearing on August 23, 2013, the OPC was lifted, and the
temporary commitment to DHS was ordered to stand. Following an
adjudication hearing on August 30, 2013, Child was adjudicated dependent
and committed to DHS. The August 30, 2013 order directed that Child was
to be referred to Child Link for services; that Mother and Father be referred
to the Clinical Evaluation Unit for drug and alcohol screen and dual diagnosis
assessment; and that Father be referred to the Achieving Reunification
Center for services.
On November 18, 2013, a permanency review hearing was held.
Following the hearing, the trial court ordered Child to remain as committed
-2-
J-S68024-14
to DHS with the goal of reunification. The trial court also ordered Mother
and Father to have weekly line of sight supervised visits with Child at DHS.
On March 21, 2014, the trial court held another permanency review
hearing where DHS filed a petition alleging child abuse and aggravated
circumstances. At the hearing, Stephanie A. Deutsch, M.D.; Paul Grace, a
DHS caseworker; Jillian Johnston, a DHS caseworker; and Father testified.
Following the hearing, the trial court directed that Child was to remain in
foster care placement, and that Child’s placement plan was to remain as
reunification. The order further found Child was the victim of child abuse,
that aggravated circumstances existed, and that such abuse was proven as
to Father.
On April 21, 2014, Father filed a notice of appeal, along with a Concise
Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal, pursuant to
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b).
On appeal, Father raises the following issues:
1. Did the lower court err in determining that aggravated
circumstances exist against Father as DHS failed to prove
the circumstances by “clear and convincing evidence” that
Father either directly or by neglect caused [C]hild’s injuries
as required by 42 Pa.C.S.[] § 6341(c.1) and 42 Pa.C.S.[] §
6302 [?]
2. Did the lower court err in finding that Father committed
child abuse under the Child Protective Service Law, 23
Pa.C.S.[] § 6301 et seq.[?]
-3-
J-S68024-14
Father’s Brief at 4.1
We review the trial court's decisions in a dependency action as follows:
[T]he standard this Court employs is broad. We accept the
[juvenile] court’s factual findings that are supported by the
record, and defer to the court’s credibility determinations. We
accord great weight to this function of the hearing judge because
[s]he is in the position to observe and rule upon the credibility of
the witnesses and the parties who appear before [her]. Relying
upon [her] unique posture, we will not overrule [the juvenile
court's findings] if they are supported by competent evidence.
In re L.Z., 91 A.3d 208, 214 appeal granted, 96 A.3d 989 (Pa.2014)
(citations omitted) (quoting In re R.P., 957 A.2d 1205, 1211
(Pa.Super.2008)).
Father challenges the trial court’s findings that Father committed child
abuse, and that aggravated circumstances exist against Father. Father’s
Brief at 13.
The Child Protective Services Law defines “child abuse”, in relevant
part, as follows:
(i) Any recent act or failure to act by a perpetrator which
causes nonaccidental serious physical injury to a child
under 18 years of age.
23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(b)(1)(i). Further, the Child Protective Services Law
defines “serious physical injury”, in relevant part, as:
An injury that:
(1) causes a child severe pain[.]
1
Father does not challenge the trial court’s determination that Child is
dependent, as defined in the Juvenile Act, 23 Pa.C.S. § 6302.
-4-
J-S68024-14
23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(a)(1).
The Juvenile Act, at Section 6302, defines “Aggravated circumstances”
as including the following:
(2) The child or another child of the parent has been the victim of
physical abuse resulting in serious bodily injury, sexual violence
or aggravated physical neglect by the parent.
42 Pa.C.S. § 6302. In turn, the Juvenile Act defines “serious bodily injury”
as:
Bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which
causes serious, permanent disfigurement or protracted loss or
impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.
42 Pa.C.S. § 6302.
The Juvenile Act defines “aggravated physical neglect” as:
Any omission in the care of a child which results in a life-
threatening condition or seriously impairs the child’s functioning.
42 Pa.C.S. § 6302.
The trial court found that there are aggravating circumstances that
exist in relation to Child. Trial Court Opinion, 6/27/14, at 5, 8. The trial
court based its finding on the testimony of Stephanie A. Deutsch, M.D., and
Paul Grace, a DHS caseworker. Dr. Deutsch testified that Child’s chest X-ray
showed multiple healing posterior rib fractures and multiple healing lateral
rib fractures. N.T. 3/21/2014, at 20. Dr. Deutsch testified that Child had, in
her left lateral ribs, fractures in ribs five through eight; in her right lateral
ribs, fractures in six through eight; and, in her left posterior ribs, fractures in
six through ten. Id. at 21. Dr. Deutsch testified that Child’s CT scan was
-5-
J-S68024-14
significant for cephalohematoma, which is fluid and soft tissue swelling that
was visualized on the scalp. Id. at 22. Dr. Deutsch testified that Child’s
MRI of her brain showed right frontal parietal bone calvarial thickening,
which indicates there was a fracture that is now healing. Id. at 25.
Dr. Deutsch further testified that Child’s head injuries could have been
caused by a fall from a bed. Id. However, Dr. Deutsch testified that a fall
from a bed would not be a possible mechanism for rib fractures. Id. at 25.
Based upon the X-ray of Child’s ribs, Dr. Deutsch concluded that the injuries
occurred within two to three weeks prior to when she was brought into
CHOP. Id. at 26. Based on the medical evidence and interviews with
Father, Dr. Deutsch and Mr. Grace found that Child’s injuries were non-
accidental, and that Father’s explanations for Child’s injuries were not
plausible. Id. at 9, 25. Furthermore, Dr. Deutsch testified that, if there is
non-accidental injury to a child, there is a very high likelihood of abuse. Id.
at 27. The trial court’s determination is supported by the competent
evidence of record, i.e., the expert opinion of Dr. Deutsch that Child suffered
non-accidental injuries, which the trial court found to be credible. Trial
Court Opinion, 6/27/14, at 8. Thus, we will not disturb that determination.
See In re L.Z., 91 A.3d at 214; In re R.P., 957 A.2d at 1211.
The trial court found that Father’s testimony was not credible, thus
rejecting his assertion that Child had fallen off the bed while in the care of
his girlfriend, and that Father had immediately brought Child to the hospital
-6-
J-S68024-14
due to her respiratory issues. Trial Court Opinion, 6/27/14, at 8.
Accordingly, the court found that the rib fractures constituted child abuse
because the rib fractures constituted a non-accidental, serious physical
injury that caused Child severe pain. We conclude that the trial court
properly found, by clear and convincing evidence, that Child was the victim
of physical abuse resulting in serious bodily injury, which supports the
finding of aggravated circumstances.
Next, we consider whether the trial court properly found that Father
was the perpetrator of physical abuse or aggravated physical neglect of
Child. Father argues that the trial court’s application of § 6381(d) is
inapplicable to him. Father’s Brief at 12. Father argues that his girlfriend
also cared for Child, and Child may have fallen off the bed in her care. Id.
at 13.
This Court has summarized the controlling case law as follows.
Pursuant to § 6381(d) of the Law, “[e]vidence that a child
has suffered child abuse of such a nature as would ordinarily not
be sustained or exist except by reason of the acts or omissions
of the parent or other person responsible for the welfare of the
child shall be prima facie evidence of child abuse by the parent
or other person responsible for the welfare of the child.” 23
Pa.C.S.[] § 6381(d). In other words, “[o]nce abuse has been
established [by clear and convincing evidence], a finding that the
caretakers were the abusers need only be shown by prima facie
evidence that the abuse normally would not have occurred
except by reason of acts or omissions of the caretakers because
the likelihood that the abuse occurred at the hands of someone
other than a caretaker is small.” Read, 693 A.2d at 610.
Section 6381(d) “creates a rule that is procedural in nature,
particularly an evidentiary presumption, as opposed to a rule of
substantive law.” In re J.G., 984 A.2d 541, 547
-7-
J-S68024-14
(Pa.Super.2009) (en banc), appeal denied, 605 Pa. 715, 991
A.2d 313 (2010). Thus, under § 6381(d), “a person is an abuser
if it is established that the child suffered a particular type of
harm, namely of such nature as would ordinarily not be
sustained or exist except by reasons of the act or omissions,
and the person is proved to have had responsibility for the
welfare of the child at the time of the injury.” Id. (internal
quotations removed; emphasis supplied).
Section 6381(d) does not, however, permit the court to
designate a parent a perpetrator of abuse where the record fails
to establish that the child was in the parent's care at the time of
the injury. Where the record is unclear as to which parent or
person was responsible for the child at the time of the abuse,
“the viability of the presumption in [§ 6381(d)] is questionable.”
Id. As this Court noted in In re J.G.:
Given the facts of a particular case, it may be
impossible for [Children Youth and Families] or the
trial court to determine which perpetrator(s)
committed the abuse. This is especially true where,
as here, the evidence is inconclusive as to who had
control or supervision over the child at the time of
the abuse. In these conditions, the presumption in
23 Pa.C.S.[] § 6381(d) is inherently self-rebutting,
and applying it to one or both persons alleged to be
the perpetrators would be arbitrary and capricious[.]
984 A.2d at 548 (emphasis supplied). See also C.E. v. Dep't
of Pub. Welfare, 917 A.2d 348, 356–57 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007)
(Section 6381(d) presumption does not apply where the alleged
perpetrator was one of several adults who was responsible for
the child on part of the day on which the injury occurred).
In re L.Z., 91 A.3d 208, 216-17.
Further, we explained:
In In re J.R.W., the evidence established that the child suffered
life-threatening injuries as a result of shaken baby syndrome
“while in the care and custody of her parents.” 631 A.2d at
1021. Although the trial court was unable to determine whether
one or both of the child's parents perpetrated the abuse, the
injuries were sustained “while in her parents' care.” Id. Thus,
-8-
J-S68024-14
the presumption established by § 6381(d) of the Law was met as
“the primary custodians during the time of the abuse were
the parents[.]” Id. at 1025 (emphasis supplied).
In re L.Z., 91 A.3d at 219.
In the instant case, Father had custody of Child when Child was two
months old. Child’s injuries were discovered when Child was five months
old. N.T. 3/21/2014, at 14-15. During that three-month period, Father and
his girlfriend were in exclusive physical custody of Child. Id. at 15. Dr.
Deutsch testified the rib fractures may have occurred two to three weeks
prior to Child’s admittance to the hospital. The trial court’s finding that Child
was in the exclusive custody of Father and Father’s girlfriend when Child’s
rib fractures occurred is supported by the record. See In re R.P., 957 A.2d
at 1211, 1218-1219.
Upon our careful review of the record in the instant matter, we find
ample evidence supports the conclusion that Father’s acts or omissions
resulted in abuse pursuant to the application of the prima facie evidence of
abuse rule set forth at 23 Pa.C.S. § 6381(d). Accordingly, we affirm the
order of the trial court finding aggravated circumstances, and finding Father
a perpetrator of child abuse.
Order affirmed.
-9-
J-S68024-14
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 2/6/2015
- 10 -