NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
AUG 31 2015
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
MONTANA ENVIRONMENTAL No. 13-35688
INFORMATION CENTER;
EARTHWORKS’ OIL AND GAS D.C. No. 4:11-cv-00015-SEH
ACCOUNTABILITY PROJECT;
WILDEARTH GUARDIANS,
MEMORANDUM*
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
v.
UNITED STATES BUREAU OF LAND
MANAGEMENT, an agency in the U.S.
Department of Interior; SALLY JEWELL,
in her official capacity as Secretary of the
Interior; JAMIE CONNELL, in her official
capacity as State Director of theBureau of
Land Management’s Montana State
Office; THERESA M. HANLEY, in her
official capacity as Deputy State Director
of the Bureau of Land Management’s
Montana State Office,
Defendants - Appellees,
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE;
MONTANA PETROLEUM
ASSOCIATION; MONTANA
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE;
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
WESTERN ENERGY ALLIANCE,
Intervenor-Defendants -
Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Montana
Sam E. Haddon, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted June 2, 2015
Seattle, Washington
Before: O’SCANNLAIN, TASHIMA, and McKEOWN, Circuit Judges.
Appellants appeal from the district court’s grant of summary judgment
against them in their procedural challenge to the U.S. Bureau of Land
Management’s decision to sell oil and gas leases in Montana. At issue is whether
the district court correctly concluded that Appellants have not shown a concrete
and redressable injury sufficient to establish standing. As the facts are known to
the parties, we repeat them only as necessary to explain our decision.
To establish standing, Appellants must show that they: (1) are under actual
or imminent threat of suffering a concrete and particularized injury, (2) which is
fairly traceable to the challenged action, and (3) which is likely to be prevented or
redressed by a favorable judicial decision. Summers v. Earth Island Inst., 555 U.S.
488, 493 (2009). In their procedural challenge, once Appellants have shown actual
2
injury, “the causation and redressability requirements are relaxed.” W. Watersheds
Project v. Kraayenbrink, 632 F.3d 472, 485 (9th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
I
The recreational and aesthetic interests asserted by Appellants’ members1
may establish actual injury to the extent such interests would be concretely harmed
by the challenged governmental action. See Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw
Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 181–83 (2000). In analyzing these claims
of injury, the district court erred by failing to consider surface harms caused by
development of the challenged leases and instead focusing only on the climate-
change effects of such development. Although Appellants’ claims of procedural
error relate to the government’s alleged failure to consider climate-change effects,
Appellants’ injuries which resulted from that error need not. See Duke Power Co.
v. Carolina Envtl. Study Grp., Inc., 438 U.S. 59, 78–79 (1978) (rejecting need to
establish “subject-matter nexus between the right asserted and the injury alleged”);
Bd. of Nat. Res. v. Brown, 992 F.2d 937, 945 (9th Cir. 1993) (same). For standing,
1
Appellants may have standing to bring suit on behalf of their members,
whose interests are germane to Appellants’ organizational purposes, provided that
such members would otherwise have standing to sue in their own right. Friends of
the Earth, 528 U.S. at 181.
3
it matters only whether the challenged governmental action would cause the
plaintiff a concrete and redressable injury. See Desert Citizens Against Pollution v.
Bisson, 231 F.3d 1172, 1176–78 (9th Cir. 2000). Once such injury is established,
the plaintiff may seek to invalidate the action that caused it “by identifying all
grounds on which the agency may have failed to comply with its statutory
mandate.” DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno, 547 U.S. 332, 353 n.5 (2006) (internal
quotation marks omitted); see also Desert Citizens, 231 F.3d at 1177 (“If, by
exchange, public lands are lost to those who use and enjoy the land, they are
certainly entitled under the APA to file suit to assure that no exchange takes place
unless the governing federal statutes and regulations are followed . . . .”).
II
Therefore, Appellants may have standing to challenge the government’s sale
of oil and gas leases on the basis of any concrete injury that is caused by such sale
and which would likely be remedied by the sale’s invalidation. This analysis
requires consideration of which of the numerous leases, if developed, would harm
the specific areas of land enjoyed by Appellants’ members. See W. Watersheds
Project, 632 F.3d at 485 (requiring geographical nexus between plaintiffs’ interests
and area allegedly suffering environmental impact). Given the complexity of the
factual record before us, we decline to undertake such analysis on appeal. Instead,
4
we remand to allow the district court to determine, in the first instance, which
leases the Appellants have standing to challenge. When doing so, the district court
should include consideration of any actual injury stemming from surface harms
fairly traceable to the challenged action.2
VACATED and REMANDED. Each party shall bear its own costs on
appeal.
2
Federal Appellees’ Suggestion of Partial Mootness, filed with this court on
June 6, 2014, is DENIED without prejudice to renewal in the district court.
5