IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 18-1813
Filed December 18, 2019
DWIGHT MURRAY,
Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Sean W. McPartland,
Judge.
Dwight Murray appeals the dismissal of his application for postconviction
relief. AFFIRMED.
John J. Bishop, Cedar Rapids, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Darrel Mullins, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., Mullins, J., and Gamble, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2019).
2
GAMBLE, Senior Judge.
Dwight Murray appeals the dismissal of his application for postconviction
relief (PCR). We affirm.
I. Facts and Prior Proceedings
Murray was convicted of first-degree robbery and second-degree burglary
in connection with a break in and the bludgeoning of Blanche Gloe in 1991. Gloe
remained on life support during Murray’s trial. Following his conviction, Gloe
showed no signs of neurological improvement, and her family agreed to withdraw
life-saving services. Gloe died, and Murray was charged and convicted of first-
degree felony murder, with his robbery serving as the predicate felony. Our
supreme court affirmed his conviction in 1994.1 See State v. Murray, 512 N.W.2d
547, 548 (Iowa 1994).
In 2012 Murray filed a pro se PCR application. The State filed a pre-answer
motion to dismiss, arguing the three-year statute of limitations contained in Iowa
Code section 822.3 (2012) governing PCRs had expired. The PCR court granted
the State’s motion in part and denied it in part so that Murray could further develop
his claim that certain changes in law occurred after the three-year statute of
limitations, which would serve as an exception to section 822.3’s statute of
limitations.
Following trial and full briefing, the PCR court determined no change in law
occurred to excuse Murray’s failure to file his PCR action within the three years
following procedendo and dismissed the PCR action.
1
This court also affirmed Murray’s conviction without opinion. State v. Murray, No. 91-
1431 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 30, 1993).
3
Murray now appeals.
II. Standard of Review
“‘Generally, postconviction relief proceedings are reviewed for correction of
errors at law.’ However, claims of alleged violations of constitutional rights are
reviewed in ‘light of the totality of circumstances and the record upon which the
postconviction court’s ruling was made.’ ‘This is the functional equivalent of de
novo review.’” Johnson v. State, 860 N.W.2d 913, 918 (Iowa Ct. App. 2014)
(quoting Reilly v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 783 N.W.2d 490, 493 (Iowa 2010)).
III. Discussion
At the outset, Murray argues the PCR court’s ruling denying the State’s pre-
answer motion to dismiss is the law of the case and the court could not base its
final dismissal of his application on the three-year limitation of section 822.3. We
disagree and conclude the law-of-the-case doctrine is inapplicable.
“[T]he law of the case doctrine is founded on a public policy against
reopening matters which have been decided.” United Fire & Cas. Co. v. Iowa Dist.
Ct., 612 N.W.2d 101,103 (Iowa 2000). “The ‘law of the case’ arises only after a
ruling becomes final.” City of Ankeny v. Armstrong Co., 353 N.W.2d 864, 867
(Iowa Ct. App. 1984). Here, the PCR court denied the pre-answer motion to
dismiss so that Murray could develop his argument that changes in law occurred
to excuse non-compliance with the three-year limitation of section 822.3. As such,
the court did not determine whether an exception to section 822.3 existed and left
the issue open for determination in its final ruling. The law-of-the-case doctrine
does not apply.
4
Murray asserts three changes in law occurred after expiration of section
822.3’s three-year statute of limitations to excuse his non-compliance.
First, Murray argues State v. Heemstra, 721 N.W.2d 549, 558 (Iowa 2006),
constitutes a change in law by “hold[ing] that, if [an] act causing willful injury is the
same act that causes [a] victim’s death, the former is merged into the murder and
therefore cannot serve as the predicate felony for felony-murder purposes.” He
asserts Heemstra should be applied retroactively to reverse his conviction. His
argument fails for several reasons.
Heemstra does not apply to felony murder convictions in which the
predicate felony is robbery. See State v. Minifee, No. 17-1661, 2019 WL 2373601,
at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. June 5, 2019) (recognizing “[t]he court has not extended the
rule to the predicate felony of robbery); State v. Collins, No. 16-1094, 2017 WL
6027763, at *9 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 22, 2017) (“We decline to extend the Heemstra
rule to the predicate felony of robbery.”). Robbery served as the predicate felony
for Murray’s murder conviction, making Heemstra inapplicable.
Even if Heemstra did apply to felony murder wherein robbery served as the
predicate felony, it could not be applied to Murray’s case. Heemstra made clear
its ruling applies prospectively and not retroactively, foreclosing its application to
Murray’s case. 721 N.W.2d at 558 (“The rule of law announced in this case
regarding the use of willful injury as a predicate felony for felony-murder purposes
shall be applicable only to the present case and those cases not finally resolved
on direct appeal in which the issue has been raised in the district court.”).
Moreover, contrary to Murray’s assertion, prospective application of Heemstra
does not violate federal due process. See Davis v. State, No. 18-0078, 2019 WL
5
476478, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 6, 2019). Our supreme court previously
declared, “Heemstra did not create a new substantive rule of constitutional
dimension.” Nguyen v. State, 878 N.W.2d 744, 753 n.4 (Iowa 2016). As such, we
are not compelled to apply Heemstra retroactively. See Montgomery v. Louisiana,
136 S.Ct. 718, 727 (2016) (requiring retroactive application of new substantive
rules of constitutional dimension).
In short, Heemstra is not a change in law available to Murray to defeat
section 822.3’s three-year limitation.
Second, relying on Rosemond v. United States, 572 U.S. 65 (2014), Murray
argues developments in aiding and abetting law constitute a change in law
excusing his non-compliance with the statute of limitations.2 Rosemond required
a defendant charged under an aiding and abetting theory of “us[ing] or carr[ying] a
firearm during and in relation to any crime of violence or drug trafficking crime”
have advance knowledge of the firearm’s presence. See 572 U.S. at 67, 81, 82.
This did not establish new law. Aiding and abetting has long required participants
be knowledgeable of the circumstances of the charged offense. See State v.
Henderson, 908 N.W.2d 868, 877 (Iowa 2018) (collecting cases). Because
Rosemond did not establish new law, Murray’s invocation of it does not serve as
an exception to section 822.3’s three-year limitation.
Finally, Murray claims Thompson v. Kaczinski, 774 N.W.2d 829 (Iowa
2009), and State v. Tribble, 790 N.W.2d 121 (Iowa 2010), represent new grounds
2
Because there was some evidence multiple people participated in the crimes against
Gloe, the jury was instructed on aiding and abetting. See Murray, 512 N.W.2d at 551.
6
of law relating to causation to excuse his noncompliance with section 822.3.3
Thompson “bifurcated proximate cause into factual cause and scope of liability and
adopted the Restatement (Third) of Torts risk standard for civil tort actions.” State
v. Roache, 920 N.W.2d 93, 101 (Iowa 2018). However, our courts have not
adopted this bifurcated approach to proximate cause to determine causation in
criminal cases. See id. at 102 (adopting the risk standard for scope of liability in
criminal restitution determinations). Tribble applied a factual-cause analysis to
consider the element of causation. 790 N.W.2d at 127 n.1. A factual-cause
analysis applies the long-standing but-for test: “but for the defendant’s conduct,
the harm or damage would not have occurred.” State v. Marti, 290 N.W.2d 570,
584–85 (Iowa 1980); see also State v. Lenz, No.16-2172, 2017 WL 6516867, at *7
(Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 20, 2017) (equating factual-cause to but-for causation).
Accordingly, there is no new causation standard for criminal cases amounting to a
new ground of law. Moreover, even if Roache’s adoption of Restatement (Third)
for criminal restitution determinations effectively adopts it with respect to all
aspects of criminal cases, we find no constitutional implications that would
necessitate retroactive application to serve as a new ground of law for Murray.
See Montgomery, 136 S.Ct. at 727 (requiring retroactive application of new
3
Murray also makes brief reference to Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99, 116 (2013),
which held “facts that increase mandatory minimum sentences must be submitted to the
jury.” But he does not develop his argument associated with Alleyne, so we do not
consider it. See Midwest Auto. III, LLC v. Iowa Dep’t of Transp., 646 N.W.2d 417, 431 n.2
(Iowa 2002) (finding perfunctory mention of an issue without elaboration or supporting
authority waives the claim); State v. Mann, 602 N.W.2d 785, 788 n. 1 (Iowa 1999) (holding
random mention of an issue, without elaboration or supporting authority, is insufficient to
raise the issue for appellate court’s consideration).
7
substantive rules of constitutional dimension). Accordingly, Murray identifies no
new ground of causation law to excuse his non-compliance with section 822.3.
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons discussed, we conclude the PCR court correctly dismissed
Murray’s application as time barred.
AFFIRMED.