IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA20-151
Filed: 6 October 2020
Chatham County, No. 19 CVD 523
JENNIFER GIBSON, Plaintiff,
v.
FRANCISCO C. LOPEZ, Defendant.
Appeal by Defendant from order entered 23 August 2019 by Judge James T.
Bryan in Chatham County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 11 August
2020.
Legal Aid of North Carolina, by Rachel Ann Gessouroun, Allison Young,
Heather Seals Bankert, Larissa Mañón Mervin, Gina Reyman, TeAndra M.
Miller, and Celia Pistolis, for Plaintiff.
Edward Eldred for Defendant.
BROOK, Judge.
Francisco C. Lopez (“Defendant”) appeals from the entry of a domestic violence
protective order (“DVPO”) against him. On appeal, Defendant argues that the trial
court erroneously concluded as a matter of law that Jennifer Gibson (“Plaintiff”) had
never acted in loco parentis to Defendant, her 14-year-old stepson, and therefore
erred in issuing the DVPO. For the following reasons, we vacate the order of the trial
court.
I. Factual and Procedural History
GIBSON V. LOPEZ
Opinion of the Court
In early July of 2015, Plaintiff and Philippe Lopez (“Mr. Lopez”) as well as
Plaintiff’s mother1 and Mr. Lopez’s two children from a prior relationship, Defendant
and Nan,2 began living together. Defendant and Nan were 10 and 12, respectively,
at the time. Plaintiff testified that Mr. Lopez did not want her to work so she quit
her job to “take care of the children[.]” The family moved from Kentucky to North
Carolina shortly thereafter. Plaintiff and Mr. Lopez married on 9 February 2018.
Plaintiff and Mr. Lopez lived together from July 2015 until the filing of this
action against Defendant on 18 July 2019. On one occasion in 2015, Plaintiff cared
for Defendant alone for approximately a week while Mr. Lopez was away on work.
Defendant resided in court-ordered treatment facilities from 2016 to 2018, but,
otherwise, lived with Plaintiff and his father until Plaintiff filed for a DVPO.
Plaintiff testified that she had “[n]ever parented a teenager before . . . [she] got
with [Mr. Lopez].” Plaintiff cared for Defendant and Nan by cooking, cleaning, taking
them to appointments and school, and breaking up their fights; she also participated
in therapy to help set boundaries for Defendant. According to Plaintiff, Defendant
repeatedly told her that she was not his mother, and she responded, per Mr. Lopez’s
instruction, “No. I’m here.”
1 Plaintiff’s mother passed away on 5 August 2015.
2 We have used a pseudonym given that Nan was a minor when this case came on for hearing.
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GIBSON V. LOPEZ
Opinion of the Court
Plaintiff testified that she knew that Defendant suffered from mental health
and anger issues, but she did not know their full extent until they moved to North
Carolina. She testified that she witnessed an escalation in violence and anger from
Defendant over the years, which included Defendant threatening to kill her dog in
2015 and breaking into her bedroom in 2016 and then looking for a knife in the
kitchen, presumably to use against her, when she took away his iPod as punishment
for getting in trouble at school. After this incident, Mr. Lopez installed a latch on
their bedroom door. Defendant then spent two years in several court-ordered
treatment facilities and returned home in 2018 in a “bad condition[,]” according to his
father.
Defendant threatened to kill Plaintiff and made other threats in December
2018. Plaintiff responded by filing criminal charges against Defendant for
communicating threats. The threats continued, however. For instance, on 11 July
2019, Defendant broke into Plaintiff’s bedroom after she had locked herself in it,
turned the power off to the room, and threatened her.
On 18 July 2019, Plaintiff filed for and received an ex parte DVPO against
Defendant and Mr. Lopez. Plaintiff and Mr. Lopez separated on the same date.
Plaintiff stayed in the home she had shared with Mr. Lopez and Defendant; they
moved out.
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GIBSON V. LOPEZ
Opinion of the Court
The trial court conducted a hearing on the complaint on 7, 21, and 23 August
2019. At both the beginning of the hearing and the close of all evidence, Defendant
argued that the trial court could not enter a permanent order against him because
Plaintiff was acting in loco parentis to Defendant, and he was under 16 years old.
The trial court disagreed and entered a DVPO against Defendant, finding, in part:
3. Due to the threatens [sic] and angry actions of the
defendant toward the plaintiff, the defendant being out of
the home for two years, and the defendant’s anger toward
the plaintiff worsening after his return, plaintiff was not
ever able to act in loco parentis for the defendant.
Defendant timely noticed appeal.
II. Analysis
On appeal, Defendant argues that the trial court could not issue a DVPO in
favor of Plaintiff because she stood in loco parentis to Defendant, who was 14 years
old at the time of the filing of the complaint and motion for a DVPO.3
3 We first note that the DVPO entered on 23 August 2019 expired during the course of this
appeal. DVPOs, however, can be extended for an additional year on two occasions. See N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 50B-3(b) (2019). It is unclear from the record before us whether Plaintiff sought and received such
an extension.
Regardless, Defendant’s appeal is not moot. If the DVPO at issue has been extended, then
Defendant remains subject to direct legal consequences flowing from the order, namely “restrictions
on where [he] may or may not be located, or what personal property [he] may possess or use.” Mannise
v. Harrell, 249 N.C. App. 322, 332, 791 S.E.2d 653, 660 (2016). But, even if it has not been extended,
Defendant is still subject to the “stigma that is likely to attach to a person judicially determined to
have committed domestic abuse.” Smith v. Smith, 145 N.C. App. 434, 437, 549 S.E.2d 912, 914 (2001)
(internal marks and citation omitted). For example, “a person applying for a job, a professional license,
a government position, admission to an academic institution, or the like, may be asked about whether
he or she has been the subject of a domestic violence protective order.” Id.
We further note that Defendant has now reached the age of 16, and N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50B-
1(b)(3)’s age limitation only applies to minors “under the age of 16[.]” However, the fact that Defendant
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GIBSON V. LOPEZ
Opinion of the Court
A. Standard of Review
When reviewing a domestic violence protective order, our
task is to determine whether there was competent evidence
to support the trial court’s findings of fact and whether its
conclusions of law were proper in light of such facts.
Martin v. Martin, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 832 S.E.2d 191, 197 (2019) (internal marks
and citation omitted). “While findings of fact by the trial court in a non-jury case are
conclusive on appeal if there is evidence to support those findings, conclusions of law
are reviewable de novo.” Tyll v. Willets, 229 N.C. App. 155, 158, 748 S.E.2d 329, 331
(2013) (citation omitted). “Under a de novo review, th[is C]ourt considers the matter
anew and freely substitutes its own judgment for that of the lower tribunal.” State v.
Williams, 362 N.C. 628, 632-33, 669 S.E.2d 290, 294 (2008) (internal marks and
citation omitted).
B. Merits
An “aggrieved party” may seek a DVPO against “a person with whom” he or
she “has or has had a personal relationship[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50B-1(a) (2019). The
term “personal relationship” includes those where the parties
(1) Are current or former spouses;
is now 16 does not resolve the dispute at issue: whether the trial court erred in granting Plaintiff a
DVPO against Defendant based on the complaint filed when Defendant was 14. Nor, as noted above,
does Defendant turning 16 render the DVPO of less consequence to him. See Smith, 145 N.C. App. at
437, 549 S.E.2d at 914 (“[A]ppeals from expired domestic violence protective orders are not moot
because of the stigma that is likely to attach to a person judicially determined to have committed
domestic abuse.”) (citation and internal marks omitted).
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GIBSON V. LOPEZ
Opinion of the Court
(2) Are persons of opposite sex who live together or have
lived together;
(3) Are related as parents and children, including others
acting in loco parentis to a minor child, or as
grandparents and grandchildren. For purposes of this
subdivision, an aggrieved party may not obtain an
order of protection against a child or grandchild under
the age of 16;
(4) Have a child in common;
(5) Are current or former household members;
(6) Are persons of the opposite sex who are in a dating
relationship or have been in a dating relationship. For
purposes of this subdivision, a dating relationship is
one wherein the parties are romantically involved over
time and on a continuous basis during the course of the
relationship. A casual acquaintance or ordinary
fraternization between persons in a business or social
context is not a dating relationship.
Id. § 50B-1(b) (emphasis added).
We first note that § 50B-1(b)(3) excludes only three types of relationships: (1)
parents and children; (2) others acting in loco parentis to a child; and (3)
grandparents and grandchildren. Id. § 50B-1(b)(3). The statute does not include an
automatic exclusion for a stepparent. In instances such as this case, the focus is on
whether stepparents or others are “acting in loco parentis[.]” Id.
At issue in this appeal is whether Plaintiff was “acting in loco parentis” to
Defendant, who was 14 years old at the time Plaintiff filed for a DVPO, rendering her
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GIBSON V. LOPEZ
Opinion of the Court
unable to obtain an order against Defendant per N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50B-1(b)(3). We
review this issue de novo.4
While N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50B-1 does not define “in loco parentis,” the term has
been defined by our Court to “mean[ ] in the place of a parent, and a ‘person in loco
parentis’ . . . [is] one who has assumed the status and obligations of a parent without
a formal adoption.” Shook v. Peavy, 23 N.C. App. 230, 232, 208 S.E.2d 433, 435 (1974)
(citation omitted).
A person does not stand in loco parentis from the mere
placing of a child in the temporary care of other persons by
a parent or guardian of such child. This relationship is
established only when the person with whom the child is
placed intends to assume the status of a parent—by taking
on the obligations incidental to the parental relationship,
particularly that of support and maintenance.
Liner v. Brown, 117 N.C. App. 44, 49, 449 S.E.2d 905, 907 (1994) (internal marks and
citation omitted). Our Court has further elaborated that whether a person stands in
loco parentis “is a question of intent to assume parental status and depends on all the
facts and circumstances of th[e] case.” Id. (internal marks and citation omitted).
4Though the trial court labeled its determination that Plaintiff had never been able to act in
loco parentis to Defendant as a finding of fact, we review it de novo because it is a conclusion of law
that requires legal reasoning. See In re Helms, 127 N.C. App. 505, 510, 491 S.E.2d 672, 675 (1997)
(“[A]ny determination requiring the exercise of judgment or the application of legal principles is more
properly classified a conclusion of law.”) (citations omitted); see also In re A.P., 165 N.C. App. 841, 846,
600 S.E.2d 9, 13 (2004) (“[S]uch placement does not warrant the conclusion that respondent was
standing in loco parentis to the children.”) (emphasis added); In re T.B., 200 N.C. App. 739, 746, 685
S.E.2d 529, 534 (2009) (“[W]e are unable to conclude that [r]espondent’s actions are consistent with
one who assumes the status and obligation of a parent[.]”) (emphasis added).
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GIBSON V. LOPEZ
Opinion of the Court
While our appellate courts have not analyzed in loco parentis status under N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 50B-1(b)(3), this Court has examined whether the evidence does or does
not support concluding the status has been established in other contexts. We review
three instructive instances below.
First, our Court has held that “[t]ypically, the status of in loco parentis
terminates [for a stepparent] upon divorce.” Duffey v. Duffey, 113 N.C. App. 382, 385,
438 S.E.2d 445, 447 (1994). A stepparent can, however, “voluntarily extend[ ] his [or
her] status beyond the termination of the marriage” by, for example, agreeing to
continue to financially support the child in question. Id. at 385, 438 S.E.2d at 447-
48. Pertinent to this case, Duffey further stands for the proposition that a change in
circumstances can impact the assessment of whether an in loco parentis relationship
continues.5
Our Court has also assessed whether grandparents, who had previously served
as kinship placements for their grandchildren, stand in loco parentis such that they
5 In making this observation, we in no way suggest that such a change in circumstance can
operate to similar effect when it comes to parents and grandparents who seek DVPOs against children
and grandchildren under the age of 16. Parents and grandparents cannot obtain a DVPO against,
respectively, their children and grandchildren under the age of 16. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50B-1(b)(3)
(2019). This is the case even if, for instance, said parents/children or grandparents/grandchildren “are
current or former household members[,]” id. § 50B-1(b)(4), per the specific–general canon of
construction, see High Rock Lake Partners, LLC v. N.C. Dep’t of Transp., 366 N.C. 315, 322, 735 S.E.2d
300, 305 (2012) (“[W]hen two statutes arguably address the same issue, one in specific terms and the
other generally, the specific statute controls.”). In contrast, and as discussed below in greater detail,
those falling in the in loco parentis category are only barred from obtaining a DVPO so long as they
are “acting in loco parentis to a minor child . . . under the age of 16[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50B-1(b)(3)
(2019) (emphasis added).
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GIBSON V. LOPEZ
Opinion of the Court
have standing to appeal permanency planning orders related to their minor
grandchildren. Where the evidence indicates that the placement was temporary, we
have held that these respondent grandparents do not stand in loco parentis to their
grandchildren. See In re A.P., 165 N.C. App. at 846-47, 600 S.E.2d at 12-13 (noting
several factors, including: (1) that the child’s parents were involved and were
attempting to remain involved in the child’s life, and (2) that placement with the
respondent step-grandfather had lasted for eight months); see also In re T.B., 200
N.C. App. at 745, 685 S.E.2d at 534 (concluding there was insufficient evidence as to
whether maternal grandmother stood in loco parentis to T.B. where there was
insufficient evidence as to whether the child’s placement “was intended to be
temporary or permanent or its duration”).
In loco parentis status has also been addressed in the context of whether a
juvenile defendant’s uncle had assumed the status for purposes of N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 7B-2101(b) (2019), which prohibits the admission of a juvenile’s confession “unless
the confession or admission was made in the presence of the juvenile’s parent,
guardian, custodian, or attorney.” In State v. Benitez, we concluded that the
defendant’s uncle had “intended to and did assume the status of a parent[,]” where
the trial court’s findings of fact established that the defendant’s mother lived in El
Salvador, his uncle provided sole support for the defendant in the United States,
including his own room in the uncle’s home, his food, clothing, and medical care, and
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GIBSON V. LOPEZ
Opinion of the Court
his uncle had enrolled him in school, and was listed as his parent on school forms.
___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 810 S.E.2d 781, 792-93 (2018).
Here, applying the factors set out by Liner and further elaborated by our
Court, the findings by the trial court and the record do not support the conclusion
that Plaintiff “was not ever able to act in loco parentis” to Defendant. Plaintiff
testified that she quit her job to take care of Defendant and his sister; her care for
Defendant included cooking, cleaning, taking him to school, and making and taking
him to doctors’ appointments—actions this Court has previously considered
“obligations incidental to the parental relationship[.]” Liner, 117 N.C. App. at 49, 449
S.E.2d at 907 (citation omitted). In addition to providing support and maintenance
for Defendant, Plaintiff manifested her “intent to assume parental status” by, for
instance, working with a therapist to set boundaries for Defendant. Her testimony
that she considered herself to be parenting Mr. Lopez’s children also undermines the
trial court’s conclusion that she was never able to act in loco parentis to Defendant.
Id. And, unlike In re A.P. and In re T.B., Defendant’s living arrangement with
Plaintiff and Mr. Lopez was intended to be permanent, not temporary. This is
evidenced by the fact that, upon being released from a two-year stay in a court-
ordered treatment facility, Defendant returned to again live with his father and
stepmother. Each of these facts are consistent with Plaintiff having provided for “all
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GIBSON V. LOPEZ
Opinion of the Court
the needs of a juvenile [of] the defendant’s age.” Benitez, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 810
S.E.2d at 792.
Plaintiff argues (and the trial court concluded similarly) that there “was
sufficient evidence that [she] did not intend to stand in loco parentis to Defendant
due to his violence and threats against her.” But the in loco parentis relationship is
established where the person “intends to assume the status of a parent—by taking
on the obligations incidental to the parental relationship, particularly that of support
and maintenance.” Liner, 117 N.C. App. at 49, 449 S.E.2d at 907. Relatedly,
Plaintiff’s argument runs afoul of the statute’s plain language. Instances of domestic
violence between a child under the age of 16 and the person asserted to be acting in
loco parentis cannot alone determine whether or not that status exists—to hold
otherwise would contravene the statutory exemption categorically prohibiting those
acting in loco parentis from “obtain[ing] an order of protection against a child . . .
under the age of 16.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50B-1(b)(3) (2019). Put another way, if
domestic violence by itself could serve as the basis for concluding that an in loco
parentis relationship did not exist, then the rule could swallow the exception in cases
like the current controversy.
Though we vacate the order entered here because the findings and record
cannot support the conclusion that Plaintiff had never formed an in loco parentis
relationship with Defendant, we remand for the trial court to enter a new order with
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GIBSON V. LOPEZ
Opinion of the Court
findings of fact and conclusions of law consistent with this opinion. The trial court
may, in its discretion, take further evidence from the parties. As a general matter,
the record before us is often less than clear about what happened when between
Plaintiff and Defendant. More to the point, the effects of Defendant’s domestic
violence on Plaintiff’s provision of support and maintenance during the critical
window from Defendant’s December 2018 return to the house to Plaintiff’s 18 July
2019 filing of the complaint are not plain. On the one hand, Plaintiff testified she
continued “cooking, cleaning, taking [the children] to school, making doctors’
appointments, seeing that they got to the doctors’ appointments[, and] taking [the
children] to the store when they needed to go” after she married Mr. Lopez on 9
February 2018. But, on the other hand, Defendant’s threats toward her increased in
these months as well. Given that this case presents a matter of first impression and
because Plaintiff could have obtained (and potentially renewed) a DVPO if she were
no longer acting in loco parentis to Defendant,6 further proceedings are permissible.
6Again, we are guided by the plain language of the statute here. The statute in some instances
looks not only to current but also to past circumstances in defining those personal relationships that
can serve as the basis for seeking a DVPO. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50B-1(b)(2), (5), (6) (defining “personal
relationships” to include “persons of opposite sex who live together or have lived together[,]” “current or
former household members[,]” and “persons of the opposite sex who are in a dating relationship or have
been in a dating relationship” (emphasis added)). Notably, however, the exception prohibiting the
issuance of a DVPO against a child under the age of 16 applies only, in pertinent part, to those “acting
in loco parentis” as opposed to those “acting or who have acted in loco parentis.” Id. § 50B-1(b)(3)
(emphasis added). When construing a statute, we presume these distinctions are not arbitrary, but
instead that “the legislature carefully chose each word used.” N.C. Dep’t of Corr. v. N.C. Med. Bd., 363
N.C. 189, 201, 675 S.E.2d 641, 649 (2009).
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GIBSON V. LOPEZ
Opinion of the Court
Compare State v. Gordon, 261 N.C. App. 247, 261, 820 S.E.2d 339, 349 (2018)
(vacating and remanding satellite-based monitoring case of first impression for
further proceedings), with State v. Greene, 255 N.C. App. 780, 783-84, 806 S.E.2d 343,
345 (2017) (reversing without remand for further proceedings trial court order
denying defendant’s application for satellite-based monitoring where case law
uncertainty had resolved).
III. Conclusion
We vacate the trial court’s order and remand for entry of a new order because
the findings of fact do not support its conclusion that Plaintiff never acted in loco
parentis to Defendant. On remand, the trial court may in its sole discretion review
additional evidence and shall enter a new order consistent with this opinion.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
Judge STROUD concurs.
Judge BRYANT concurs in the result.
And, as noted above, though the order at issue expired during the course of this appeal, DVPOs
can be extended for an additional year on two occasions. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50B-3(b) (2019).
Plaintiff therefore could obtain relief through 23 August 2021 and then again through 23 August 2022
if she can carry her burden of showing she did not provide support and maintenance in any remand
proceedings the trial court deems necessary.
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