NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 122,884
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
LANCE JOSEPH HERRMAN,
Appellant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appeal from Ellis District Court; BLAKE A. BITTEL, judge. Opinion filed February 25, 2022.
Sentence vacated and case remanded with directions.
Korey A. Kaul, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.
Jodi Litfin, assistant solicitor general, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.
Before ATCHESON, P.J., HILL and GARDNER, JJ.
PER CURIAM: The question presented in this appeal is whether Lance Joseph
Herrman's criminal threat conviction was properly included in his criminal history score
when he was sentenced for a drug crime. Given this record on appeal, we cannot answer
that question definitively. Therefore, we vacate Herrman's sentence and remand this case
for resentencing so the district court can decide whether Herrman's criminal threat
conviction can be validly included in his criminal history score.
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In March 2020, Herrman pled guilty to possession of methamphetamine. In the
presentence investigation report used for sentencing, Herrman's 2015 criminal threat
conviction was listed as violating K.S.A. 21-5415. The criminal threat violation was
Herrman's only person felony conviction and its inclusion brought his criminal history
score to C. At sentencing, Herrman did not object to his criminal history score. Based on
this criminal history score, the trial court sentenced Herrman to 30 months in prison.
Herrman filed a timely notice of appeal on the theory that the State had not proved his
criminal history by a preponderance of the evidence.
The Supreme Court strikes down a portion of the criminal threat statute.
When Herrman was convicted of making a criminal threat in 2015, there were two
ways to commit the crime: intentionally or recklessly. A few months before Herrman's
drug conviction here, the Kansas Supreme Court held in State v. Boettger, 310 Kan. 800,
801, 450 P.3d 805 (2019), cert. denied 140 S. Ct. 1956 (2020), that the "reckless
disregard" portion of K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-5415 is unconstitutionally overbroad. Thus,
convictions for recklessly making criminal threats are void since that portion of the
statute violates the United States Constitution.
This means that if Herrman's criminal threat conviction was for recklessly making
a criminal threat, it cannot be used in computing his criminal history score in this case. If
his conviction was for making an intentional criminal threat, then it can properly be used
to compute his criminal history score.
The law is well settled on what prior convictions may be validly used to decide an
offender's criminal history score. When a criminal history score is made by including a
crime defined by an unconstitutional statute, the resulting sentence is illegal. See K.S.A.
2020 Supp. 21-6810(d)(9). Here, Herrman's PSI report did not reveal if the criminal
threat violation listed in his criminal history stemmed from the unconstitutional reckless
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disregard version of the crime. When a defendant's criminal history has not been proved
by a preponderance of the evidence, it is proper to remand the case to give the State the
opportunity to meet its burden of proof. See State v. Obregon, 309 Kan. 1267, 1275, 444
P.3d 331 (2019). Usually, when a defendant does not object to the criminal history
portion of the PSI report, that history is accepted as being proved by the necessary
standard. See K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6814. But more is required when the PSI report does
not specify what version of the criminal offense was committed, even when the defendant
does not object to the criminal history. Obregon, 309 Kan. at 1275. We find Obregon's
ruling persuasive here. While Obregon had to deal with out-of-state convictions, we do
not think in-state convictions should be treated differently when a Kansas statute has
been declared unconstitutional.
The defendant in Obregon had a criminal history score derived from crimes the
defendant committed in Florida. The Florida statute contained two ways to commit the
offense—one of which lacked a comparable Kansas offense. Obregon's PSI report did not
show which version of the Florida statute he was convicted of violating. Obregon did not
object to his criminal history at sentencing. The Obregon court established that it is the
State's burden to determine which version of an out-of-state crime the defendant
committed "to establish that the defendant committed a version of the offense supporting
the person classification," regardless of an objection by the defendant. 309 Kan. at 1275.
We are not the first to rule in this way. Other panels of this court have remanded
several cases based on the same issue that Herrman raises here. See State v. Herrera, No.
122,767, 2021 WL 4693103, at *2 (Kan. App. 2021) (unpublished opinion); State v.
Grant-Adams, No. 121,833, 2021 WL 2603344, at *12 (Kan. App. 2021) (unpublished
opinion); State v. Anderson, No. 121,640, 2020 WL 6371059, at *4-5 (Kan. App. 2020)
(unpublished opinion); State v. McKoy, No. 121,636, 2020 WL 5739730, at *3 (Kan.
App. 2020) (unpublished opinion); State v. Arnold, No. 121,542, 2020 WL 5740900, at
*2 (Kan. App. 2020) (unpublished opinion). In all of these cases, the defendants asked for
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a remand of their sentences based on an ambiguous criminal threat charge used to
determine his criminal history score.
Further, these cases held that "there needed to be proof of whether the defendant
was convicted of intentional, not reckless, criminal threat" for the criminal threat charge
to be properly included in a criminal history. State v. Beltran, No. 121,200, 2020 WL
7409937, at *3 (Kan. App. 2020) (unpublished opinion). We have the same situation
here.
Similar facts should yield similar legal rulings. Because the PSI report here is
ambiguous, the State has not met its burden to prove Herrman's criminal history score.
The State argues that since K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-5415 became unconstitutional
before he was sentenced, Herrman should have objected to his criminal history score
when he was sentenced, and he cannot do so now. By arguing this way, the State is
inviting us to ignore K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6810(d)(9), that directs, "[p]rior convictions
of a crime defined by a statute that has since been determined unconstitutional by an
appellate court shall not be used for criminal history scoring purposes." We choose to
decline the invitation. The Legislature has made it clear, such convictions are not to be
included in a criminal history score.
Also, it appears that the factual premise of the State's argument is incorrect.
Although the court's opinion in Boettger was released on October 25, 2019, the mandate
did not issue until June 23, 2020, after the United States Supreme Court denied the State's
request for review. The Kansas Supreme Court was required to stay the mandate while
the State sought review by the United States Supreme Court. See K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-
3605(b). The Boettger decision did not become final and, thus, was not binding authority
until the mandate was issued. See State v. McAlister, 310 Kan. 86, 87, 444 P.3d 923
(2019); State v. Holt, 298 Kan. 469, 475-76, 313 P.3d 826 (2013). The district court
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sentenced Herrman on April 8, 2020. At that point, Herrman had no conclusive argument
against the inclusion of his earlier conviction for criminal threat in his criminal history
precisely because the Boettger ruling was not final. This chronology makes Herrman's
case one of a very small number of cases.
The timing of the Boettger ruling is important. Our research reveals that this court
has denied granting remand on the criminal threat argument only when the sentencing
took place and any direct appeal had been concluded before Boettger was decided. See
State v. Louis, 59 Kan. App. 2d 14, 27, 476 P.3d 837 (2020). This is not the situation
here. This court did not question the timing in Herrera that looked much like the case
here, see 2021 WL 4693103, nor did this court have any problems with timing in the
other several criminal threat cases cited above. It is the State's burden to prove criminal
history for sentencing.
We think this case differs from State v. Roberts, 314 Kan. 316, 498 P.3d 725
(2021). In Roberts, the defendant argued his sentence was illegal because the State had
not proven he had properly waived his right to counsel in all the misdemeanor
convictions used to determine his criminal history score. The presumption of validity
forced the court to reject Roberts' claims. See 314 Kan. 316, Syl. ¶¶ 5-6. The court
refused to impose an onerous burden upon the State of proving whether the misdemeanor
convictions were uncounseled.
In Roberts, there was no question of what prior crimes Roberts was convicted of.
Here, there is a real question of which type of criminal threat Herrman made. This
distinction is important. Roberts admitted his criminal history was correct. Here, the court
asked Herrman, "Do you have any objection to the criminal history or any other part of
that presentence investigation report that you reviewed?" Herrman said, "No." Herrman
did not admit his criminal history—he merely failed to object to his criminal history—
just as Obregon did. Therefore, we find Obregon persuasive. We impose no onerous
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burden on the State here. Simply put, the question is, was Herrman's criminal threat made
intentionally or recklessly? A new presentence investigation report can answer that
question.
The sentencing court used a PSI report that links Herrman's criminal history score
with a statute deemed partially unconstitutional. Because a criminal history score was
made based on an unconstitutional statute that is illegal, it becomes critical to determine
what part of that statute Herrman's criminal threat charge is tied to. See K.S.A. 2020
Supp. 21-6810(d)(9). The burden of making this determination falls to the State.
We vacate Herrman's sentence and remand the case for resentencing, directing the
district court to order a new presentence investigation report.
***
GARDNER, J., dissenting: I respectfully dissent. The sole issue briefed by the
defendant alleges error "because the State failed to prove that his prior criminal threat
conviction was constitutionally valid." The issue is thus who has the burden of proof of
criminal histories in the presentence investigation (PSI) report. The Kansas Supreme
Court recently addressed that issue in two cases that support the State's position: State v.
Corby, 314 Kan. 794, 502 P.3d 111 (2022), and State v. Roberts, 314 Kan. 316, 498 P.3d
725 (2021).
Corby held: "A defendant's admission to prior in-state criminal history as set forth
in a [PSI] report relieves the State from having to produce additional evidence to support
a criminal history score." 314 Kan. 794, Syl. Herrman stated he did not object to his in-
state criminal history in his PSI report.
Roberts held that
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"a defendant who fails to object under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6814(c) at sentencing to the
constitutional validity of a prior conviction used to enhance a current sentence, based on
a claim of the absence of counsel without a valid waiver, has the burden to show the prior
conviction is invalid, regardless of whether the defendant's constitutional challenge to the
allegedly uncounseled conviction in criminal history is brought on direct appeal of the
current sentence or in a proceeding collaterally attacking that sentence." 314 Kan. at 334-
35.
As relevant here, Corby found that although parties cannot agree to an illegal
sentence, Corby did not claim he had done so—"he claimed he agreed to a sentence that
might be illegal. Corby is free to challenge his sentence as illegal without being held to
his admission. He has not done so." 314 Kan. at 798. The Supreme Court rejected Corby's
argument that Obregon should apply. The same is true here—Herrman does not claim
that he was sentenced illegally. He does not argue or point to any evidence showing that
his prior conviction was not for an intentional threat or that his criminal history was
incorrect. Rather, he claims that his criminal history might be incorrect.
In Corby and in Roberts, the defendants personally admitted their criminal
histories. That made it simple for the court to find that the first scenario of K.S.A. 2020
Supp. 21-6814(a) applied: "The offender's criminal history shall be admitted in open
court by the offender or determined by a preponderance of the evidence at the sentencing
hearing by the sentencing judge." But as detailed below, the statutory procedure relating
to the burden of proving criminal histories shows that an admission is sufficient, yet not
necessary, to relieve the State from its burden of proof. Stating one does not object to the
PSI report is enough.
Here, as perhaps in most cases, the defendant simply replied that he did not object
to the criminal history, when asked by the judge. Although Herrman's response is not a
personal admission as made by defendants in Corby and Roberts, this makes no
difference to the burden of proof according to K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6814. Subsection (b)
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states that "except to the extent disputed in accordance with subsection (c)," the PSI
report "shall satisfy the State's burden of proof regarding an offender's criminal history."
K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6814(b). Under subsection (c) the offender has the duty to
immediately give the district attorney and the court "written notice of any error in the
proposed criminal history worksheet" and to "specify the exact nature of the alleged
error." K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6814(c). It then becomes the State's "burden of proving the
disputed portion of the offender's criminal history." K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6814(c).
Herrman did not dispute his criminal history in accordance with subsection (c).
Under this statute, a defendant's failure to object to a PSI report constitutes, or has the
same effect as, an "admission" under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6814(a), which relieves the
State from its burden of proof. Herrman's criminal history was thus established at
sentencing by his stating that he did not object to the PSI report.
Roberts noted other cases in which the defendants failed to make the required
objection under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6814(c) to the constitutional validity of the prior
conviction used to enhance a current sentence. It then found that when a defendant fails
to make the objection outlined by that statute, a presumption of regularity attaches to the
judgment:
"Absent an objection under our state procedural statute setting forth the burden of proof
in establishing criminal history, we necessarily hold a presumption of regularity attaches
to a final judgment entered in a prior case and the defendant bears the burden of
producing evidence to rebut that presumption. See Parke, 506 U.S. at 31-32 (holding that
since presumption of regularity attached to final judgments, it is appropriate to assign
proof burden to the defendant, even when collateral attack on final conviction is based on
constitutional grounds)." 314 Kan. at 335.
Because Herrman failed to object to his criminal history at or before sentencing in
accordance with the procedures set out in K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6814, his sentence
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carries a presumption of regularity, per Roberts, and the State is relieved of its burden to
produce evidence other than the PSI report to support his criminal history score, per
Corby.
The practical effect of the majority's ruling here, when a defendant states "no
objection" to the criminal history at sentencing, is to make the State refute whatever later
challenge the defendant raises to a prior crime listed on the PSI report. But that
contradicts what K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6814 says must happen. Rather, "[i]f the offender
later challenges such offender's criminal history, which has been previously established,
the burden of proof shall shift to the offender to prove such offender's criminal history by
a preponderance of the evidence." K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6814(c). Herrman has the
burden now, but he fails to allege, let alone show, that his threat was reckless, rather than
intentional, so as to have been unconstitutional under Boettger.
True, Boettger was decided in October 2019 and Herrman was sentenced in April
2020. At the time of his sentencing, a petition in Boettger for a writ of certiorari by the
State was pending with the United States Supreme Court. That petition was denied in
June 2020. But making a Boettger objection when Herrman was sentenced would not
have been futile.
Kansas Court of Appeals decisions are not binding when a petition for review is
pending. See Supreme Court Rule 8.03(k)(1) (2022 Kan. S. Ct. R. at 54). But I find no
comparable rule or law saying that Kansas Supreme Court decisions are not binding on
lower Kansas courts when a petition for writ of certiorari is pending. To the contrary, our
court has followed the reasoning of Kansas Supreme Court cases even when a writ of
certiorari was pending. See, e.g., Hernandez v. Secretary of Corrections, No. 119,838,
2019 WL 6646416, at *3 (Kan. App. 2019) (unpublished opinion) ("A statute or
regulation is constitutionally overbroad if it contains a prohibition that extends to a
substantial amount of speech or conduct protected under the First Amendment. See
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Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104, 114-15, 92 S. Ct. 2294, 33 L. Ed. 2d 222
[1972]; State v. Boettger, 310 Kan. [800], 450 P.3d 805, 808 [2019]."); State v. Ewing,
No. 113,535, 2016 WL 1298018, at *1 (Kan. App. 2016) (unpublished opinion)
(following the reasoning in State v. Dickey, 301 Kan. 1018, 350 P.3d 1054 [2015], writ of
cert. filed September 17, 2015). We should not expect district courts to do differently.
And even before a decision is final and is precedential authority, it is persuasive
authority. Under Kansas court rules, the timely filing of a petition for review stays the
issuance of the mandate of the Court of Appeals, and until the Supreme Court's
determination on the petition for review the Court of Appeals' opinion is not binding. See
Rule 8.03. Yet the same Rule provides that anyone may cite that Court of Appeals
opinion "for persuasive authority before the mandate has issued" by noting that the case
is not final and may be subject to review. Rule 8.03(k)(1) (2022 Kan. S. Ct. R. at 61). By
analogy, even if the filing of a petition for a writ of certiorari may defeat the precedential
nature of a Kansas Supreme Court case during its pendency, it does not defeat its
persuasive authority.
The Rules of the United States Supreme Court do not appear to cover this issue.
But the federal courts recognize the precedential effect of their decisions even after a
petition for writ of certiorari is filed. See, e.g., United States v. Castro, 750 Fed. Appx.
363, 364 (5th Cir. 2018) (unpublished opinion) ("Even where the Supreme Court has
granted certiorari, this court is bound by its own precedent, unless and until that
precedent is altered by a decision of the Supreme Court. See Wicker v. McCotter, 798
F.2d 155, 157-58 [5th Cir. 1986]."); see also Yong v. I.N.S., 208 F.3d 1116, 1119 n.2 (9th
Cir. 2000) (The default rule [at least in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals] is that "once a
federal circuit court issues a decision, the district courts within that circuit are bound to
follow it and have no authority to await a ruling by the Supreme Court before applying
the circuit court's decision as binding authority."); Durham v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am.,
236 F. Supp. 3d 1140, 1147 (C.D. Cal. 2017) ("[A] stay of proceedings pending Supreme
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Court review does not normally affect the precedential value of the circuit court's
opinion."). Boettger was thus at least persuasive authority, if not binding authority, on the
date Herrman was sentenced, and Herrman had no reason not to object if he was
sentenced unconstitutionally under Boettger.
But even if Boettger were not a final decision until the mandate issued after the
Supreme Court's denial of the petition for writ of certiorari, finality is not necessary here.
Finality is important when the law requires a final judgment for some purpose, such as
triggering a statute of limitations or determining the res judicata effect of a prior case. But
the Boettger decision did not need to be final for that case to serve as a valid basis for
Herrman to object to his criminal history, if he was, in fact, convicted of making a
reckless threat instead of an intentional one. Under these circumstances, I would affirm.
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