NTN Bearing Corp. of America v. United States

Slip Op. 02-07

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

BEFORE: SENIOR JUDGE NICHOLAS TSOUCALAS
________________________________________
:
NTN BEARING CORPORATION OF AMERICA, :
AMERICAN NTN BEARING MANUFACTURING :
CORPORATION and NTN CORPORATION; :
NSK LTD. and NSK CORPORATION; :
KOYO SEIKO CO., LTD. and KOYO :
CORPORATION OF U.S.A., :
:
Plaintiffs and :
Defendant-Intervenors, :
:
v. : Consol. Court No.
: 98-01-00146
UNITED STATES, :
:
Defendant, :
:
and :
:
THE TIMKEN COMPANY, :
:
Defendant-Intervenor :
and Plaintiff. :
_______________________________________ :

Plaintiffs and defendant-intervenors, NTN Bearing Corporation
of America, American NTN Bearing Manufacturing Corporation and NTN
Corporation (collectively “NTN”), NSK Ltd. and NSK Corporation
(collectively “NSK”), and Koyo Seiko Co., Ltd. and Koyo Corporation
of U.S.A. (collectively “Koyo”), move pursuant to USCIT R. 56.2 for
judgment upon the agency record challenging various aspects of the
Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration’s
(“Commerce”) final determination, entitled Final Results of
Antidumping Duty Administrative Reviews of Tapered Roller Bearings
and Parts Thereof, Finished and Unfinished, From Japan, and Tapered
Roller Bearings, Four Inches or Less in Outside Diameter, and
Components Thereof, From Japan (“Final Results”), 63 Fed. Reg. 2558
(Jan. 15, 1998), as amended, Amended Final Results of Antidumping
Duty Administrative Reviews of Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts
Thereof, Finished and Unfinished, From Japan, and Tapered Roller
Bearings, Four Inches or Less in Outside Diameter, and Components
Thereof, From Japan (“Amended Final Results”), 63 Fed. Reg. 13,391
(Mar. 19, 1998). Defendant-intervenor and plaintiff, The Timken
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 2

Company (“Timken”), also moves pursuant to USCIT R. 56.2 for
judgment upon the agency record challenging certain determinations
of Commerce’s Final Results.

Specifically, NTN contends that Commerce unlawfully: (1)
conducted a duty absorption inquiry under 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(4)
(1994) for the 1976 antidumping duty order; (2) denied a price-
based level of trade (“LOT”) adjustment for NTN’s constructed
export price (“CEP”) sales; (3) rejected NTN’s allocation of United
States and home market selling expenses on an LOT-specific basis;
(4) refused to calculate CEP profit on an LOT-specific basis; (5)
included export price (“EP”) sales in the calculation of CEP
profit; (6) recalculated NTN’s credit expenses on a transaction-
specific basis; (7) denied a downward adjustment to NTN’s reported
United States indirect selling expenses for imputed interests
incurred in financing cash deposits for antidumping duties; (8)
adjusted NTN’s cost of production (“COP”) and constructed value
(“CV”) for affiliated party inputs; (9) applied a 99.5% test to
determine whether sales to NTN’s affiliated parties were made at
arm’s length; (10) double-counted NTN’s depreciation of idle
equipment; (11) included NTN’s zero-priced United States
transactions in the margin calculations and failed to exclude NTN’s
sample sales and other sales from its margin calculation; and (12)
used facts available to adjust NTN’s reported billing adjustment.

NSK contends that Commerce unlawfully: (1) conducted a duty
absorption inquiry under 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(4) for the 1976 and
1987 antidumping duty orders; (2) used NSK’s affiliated supplier
cost data to run its model match methodology under 19 U.S.C. §
1677(16) (1994), to calculate the difmer adjustment under 19 U.S.C.
§ 1677b(a)(6) (1994) and to recalculate NSK’s reported U.S.
inventory carrying costs (“ICC”) prior to deducting this expense
from CEP pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d) (1994); and (3) denied a
partial LOT adjustment.

Koyo contends that Commerce unlawfully: (1) conducted a duty
absorption inquiry under 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(4) for the 1976 and
1987 antidumping duty orders; (2) applied adverse facts available
to Koyo’s sales of further manufactured tapered roller bearings
(“TRBs”); (3) used entered value to calculate the assessment rate
under 19 C.F.R. § 351.212(b) (1998); and (4) treated Koyo’s
imported forged rings as in-scope merchandise subject to the TRB
antidumping duty order.

Timken contends that Commerce unlawfully: (1) applied adverse
facts available to Koyo’s entered value; (2) failed to adjust CEP
for indirect selling expenses reported by NTN, NSK and Koyo; (3)
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 3

permitted NTN to exclude certain warehousing expenses attributable
to non-scope merchandise from its reported United States indirect
selling expenses; (4) accepted Koyo’s home market support rebates;
(5) accepted Koyo’s home market “billing adjustment two”; (6)
accepted NSK’s home market lump-sum rebates; and (7)accepted Koyo’s
home market average short-term interest rate.

Held: NTN’s 56.2 motion is granted in part and denied in
part. NSK’s 56.2 motion is granted in part and denied in part.
Koyo’s 56.2 motion is granted in part and denied in part. Timken’s
56.2 motion is denied. This case is remanded to Commerce to: (1)
annul all findings and conclusions made pursuant to the duty-
absorption inquiry conducted for the subject review in accordance
with this opinion; and (2) exclude any transactions that were not
supported by consideration from NTN’s United States sales database
and to adjust the dumping margins accordingly.

[NTN’s, NSK’s and Koyo’s 56.2 motions are granted in part and
denied in part. Timken’s 56.2 motion is denied. Case remanded.]

Dated: January 24, 2002

Barnes, Richardson & Colburn (Donald J. Unger, Kazumune V.
Kano, David G. Forgue and Clarice K. M. McCauley) for NTN.

Lipstein, Jaffe & Lawson, L.L.P. (Robert A. Lipstein, Matthew
P. Jaffe and Grace W. Lawson) for NSK.

Powell, Goldstein, Frazer & Murphy LLP (Peter O. Suchman, Neil
R. Ellis, Elizabeth C. Hafner and Ronald E. Minsk) for Koyo.

Robert D. McCallum, Jr., Assistant Attorney General; David M.
Cohen, Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division,
United States Department of Justice (Velta A. Melnbrencis,
Assistant Director, and Michele D. Lynch); of counsel: Joan L.
Mackenzie and Barbara Campbell Potter, Office of the Chief Counsel
for Import Administration, United States Department of Commerce,
for the United States.

Stewart and Stewart (Terence P. Stewart, William A. Fennell
and Patrick J. McDonough) for Timken.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 4

OPINION

TSOUCALAS, Senior Judge: Plaintiffs and defendant-

intervenors, NTN Bearing Corporation of America, American NTN

Bearing Manufacturing Corporation and NTN Corporation (collectively

“NTN”), NSK Ltd. and NSK Corporation (collectively “NSK”), and Koyo

Seiko Co., Ltd. and Koyo Corporation of U.S.A. (collectively

“Koyo”), move pursuant to USCIT R. 56.2 for judgment upon the

agency record challenging various aspects of the Department of

Commerce, International Trade Administration’s (“Commerce”) final

determination, entitled Final Results of Antidumping Duty

Administrative Reviews of Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts

Thereof, Finished and Unfinished, From Japan, and Tapered Roller

Bearings, Four Inches or Less in Outside Diameter, and Components

Thereof, From Japan (“Final Results”), 63 Fed. Reg. 2558 (Jan. 15,

1998), as amended, Amended Final Results of Antidumping Duty

Administrative Reviews of Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts

Thereof, Finished and Unfinished, From Japan, and Tapered Roller

Bearings, Four Inches or Less in Outside Diameter, and Components

Thereof, From Japan (“Amended Final Results”), 63 Fed. Reg. 13,391

(Mar. 19, 1998). Defendant-intervenor and plaintiff, The Timken

Company (“Timken”), also moves pursuant to USCIT R. 56.2 for

judgment upon the agency record challenging certain determinations

of Commerce’s Final Results.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 5

Specifically, NTN contends that Commerce unlawfully: (1)

conducted a duty absorption inquiry under 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(4)

(1994) for the 1976 antidumping duty order; (2) denied a price-

based level of trade (“LOT”) adjustment for NTN’s constructed

export price (“CEP”) sales; (3) rejected NTN’s allocation of United

States and home market selling expenses on an LOT-specific basis;

(4) refused to calculate CEP profit on an LOT-specific basis; (5)

included export price (“EP”) sales in the calculation of CEP

profit; (6) recalculated NTN’s credit expenses on a transaction-

specific basis; (7) denied a downward adjustment to NTN’s reported

United States indirect selling expenses for imputed interests

incurred in financing cash deposits for antidumping duties; (8)

adjusted NTN’s cost of production (“COP”) and constructed value

(“CV”) for affiliated party inputs; (9) applied a 99.5% test to

determine whether sales to NTN’s affiliated parties were made at

arm’s length; (10) double-counted NTN’s depreciation of idle

equipment; (11) included its zero-priced United States transactions

in the margin calculations and failed to exclude NTN’s sample sales

and other sales from its margin calculation; and (12) used facts

available to adjust NTN’s reported billing adjustment.

NSK contends that Commerce unlawfully: (1) conducted a duty

absorption inquiry under 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(4) for the 1976 and

1987 antidumping duty orders; (2) used NSK’s affiliated supplier
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 6

cost data to run its model match methodology under 19 U.S.C. §

1677(16) (1994), to calculate the difmer adjustment under 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677b(a)(6) (1994) and to recalculate NSK’s reported U.S.

inventory carrying costs (“ICC”) prior to deducting this expense

from CEP pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d) (1994); and (3) denied a

partial LOT adjustment.

Koyo contends that Commerce unlawfully: (1) conducted a duty

absorption inquiry under 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(4) for the 1976 and

1987 antidumping duty orders; (2) applied adverse facts available

to Koyo’s sales of further manufactured tapered roller bearings

(“TRBs”); (3) used entered value to calculate the assessment rate

under 19 C.F.R. § 351.212(b) (1998); and (4) treated Koyo’s

imported forged rings as in-scope merchandise subject to the TRB

antidumping duty order.

Timken contends that Commerce unlawfully: (1) applied adverse

facts available to Koyo’s entered value; (2) failed to adjust CEP

for indirect selling expenses reported by NTN, NSK and Koyo; (3)

permitted NTN to exclude certain warehousing expenses attributable

to non-scope merchandise from its reported United States indirect

selling expenses; (4) accepted Koyo’s home market support rebates;

(5) accepted Koyo’s home market “billing adjustment two”; (6)

accepted NSK’s home market lump-sum rebates; and (7)accepted Koyo’s

home market average short-term interest rate.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 7

BACKGROUND

This case concerns the 1976 and 1987 antidumping duty orders

on TRBs from Japan for the period of review (“POR”) covering

October 1, 1995, through September 30, 1996. On September 9, 1997,

Commerce published the preliminary results of administrative

reviews of the 1976 and 1987 antidumping duty orders. See

Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Reviews of

Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts Thereof, Finished and Unfinished,

From Japan, and Tapered Roller Bearings, Four Inches or Less in

Outside Diameter, and Components Thereof, From Japan, (“Preliminary

Results”) 62 Fed. Reg. 47,452. Commerce published the Final

Results on January 15, 1998, see 63 Fed. Reg. at 2558, and the

Amended Final Results on March 19, 1998, see 63 Fed. Reg. 13,391.1

JURISDICTION

The Court has jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 19

U.S.C. § 1516a(a) (1994) and 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (1994).

1
Since the administrative reviews at issue were initiated
after December 31, 1994, the applicable law is the antidumping
statute as amended by the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (“URAA”),
Pub. L. No. 103-465, 108 Stat. 4809 (1994) (effective January 1,
1995). See Torrington Co. v. United States, 68 F.3d 1347, 1352
(Fed. Cir. 1995) (citing URAA § 291(a)(2), (b) (noting effective
date of URAA amendments)).
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 8

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Court will uphold Commerce’s final determination in an

antidumping administrative review unless it is “unsupported by

substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance

with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i) (1994); see NTN Bearing

Corp. of Am. v. United States (“NTN Bearing”), 24 CIT ___, ___, 104

F. Supp. 2d 110, 115-16 (2000) (detailing Court’s standard of

review for antidumping proceedings).

DISCUSSION

I. Commerce’s Duty Absorption Inquiry

A. Background

Title 19, United States Code, § 1675(a)(4) provides that

during an administrative review initiated two or four years after

the publication of an antidumping duty order, Commerce, if

requested by a domestic interested party, “shall determine whether

antidumping duties have been absorbed by a foreign producer or

exporter subject to the order if the subject merchandise is sold in

the United States through an importer who is affiliated with such

foreign producer or exporter.” Section 1675(a)(4) further provides

that Commerce shall notify the International Trade Commission

(“ITC”) of its findings regarding such duty absorption for the ITC

to consider in conducting a five-year (“sunset”) review under 19

U.S.C. § 1675(c) (1994), and the ITC will take such findings into
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 9

account in determining whether material injury is likely to

continue or recur if an order were revoked under § 1675(c). See 19

U.S.C. § 1675a(a)(1)(D) (1994).

On December 11, 1996, Timken requested Commerce to conduct a

duty absorption inquiry pursuant to § 1675(a)(4) with respect to

various respondents, including NTN, NSK and Koyo, to ascertain

whether antidumping duties had been absorbed during the

administrative reviews of the 1976 and 1987 antidumping duty

orders. See Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2558.

In the Final Results, Commerce found that duty absorption had

occurred for the POR. See id. at 2559. In asserting authority to

conduct a duty absorption inquiry under § 1675(a)(4), Commerce

first explained that for “transition orders,” as defined in 19

U.S.C. § 1675(c)(6)(C) (antidumping duty orders, inter alia, orders

issued on or after January 1, 1995), regulation 19 C.F.R. §

351.213(j) (1998) provides that Commerce “will make a duty-

absorption determination, if requested, for any administrative

review initiated in 1996 or 1998.” Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at

2558. Commerce concluded that: (1) because the antidumping duty

orders on TRBs in this case have been in effect since 1976 and

1987, respectively, the orders are transition orders pursuant to §

1675(c)(6)(C); and (2) since these reviews were initiated in 1996

and a request was made, Commerce had the authority to make duty
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 10

absorption inquiries for the administrative reviews of the 1976 and

1987 antidumping duty orders. See id. at 2558-59.

B. Contentions of the Parties

NTN, NSK and Koyo contend that Commerce lacked authority under

§ 1675(a)(4) to conduct a duty absorption inquiry for the POR of

the outstanding 1976 and 1987 antidumping duty orders.2 See NTN’s

Mem. Supp. Mot. J. Agency R. (“NTN’s Mem.”) at 27-32; NTN’s Reply

Br. Jan. 22, 1999 Resp. Brs. United States and Timken (“NTN’s

Reply”) at 2; NSK’s Mem. P. & A. Supp. Mot. J. Agency R. (“NSK’s

Mem.”) at 12-16; NSK’s Reply Mem. Supp. Mot. J. Agency R. (“NSK’s

Reply”) at 6-8; Koyo’s Mem. P. & A. Supp. Mot. J. Agency R.

(“Koyo’s Mem.”) at 9-14; Koyo’s Reply Br. Supp. Mot. J. Agency R.

(“Koyo’s Reply”) at 2-18. In the alternative, the parties assert

that even if Commerce possessed the authority to conduct such an

inquiry, Commerce’s methodology for determining duty absorption was

contrary to law and, accordingly, the case should be remanded to

Commerce to annul its duty absorption findings and conclusions.

See NTN’s Mem. at 32-36; NSK’s Mem. at 12-16; Koyo’s Mem. at 15-16;

Koyo’s Reply at 16-18.

2
The Court assumes that NTN only contests the POR of the 1976
antidumping duty order because that is the only POR that is
mentioned in its brief and for which Commerce determined that duty
absorption had occurred. See Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. 2559;
NTN’s Mem. Supp. Mot. J. Agency R. (“NTN’s Mem.) at 27-28.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 11

Commerce argues that it: (1) properly construed § 1675

subsections (a)(4) and (c) as authorizing it to make a duty

absorption inquiry for antidumping duty orders that were issued and

published prior to January 1, 1995; and (2) devised and applied a

reasonable methodology for determining duty absorption. See Def.’s

Mem. Opp’n Pls.’ Mots. J. Agency R. (“Def.’s Mem.”) at 13-31.

Timken supports Commerce’s contentions. See Timken’s Resp. Pls.’

Mots. J. Agency R. (“Timken’s Resp.”) at 34-47.

C. Analysis

In SKF USA Inc. v. United States (“SKF USA Inc.”), 24 CIT ___,

94 F. Supp. 2d 1351 (2000), this Court determined that Commerce

lacked statutory authority under § 1675(a)(4) to conduct a duty

absorption inquiry for antidumping duty orders issued prior to the

January 1, 1995 effective date of the URAA. See id. 24 CIT at ___,

94 F. Supp. 2d at 1357-59. The Court noted that Congress expressly

prescribed in the URAA that § 1675(a)(4) “must be applied

prospectively on or after January 1, 1995 for 19 U.S.C. § 1675

reviews.” Id. 24 CIT at ___, 94 F. Supp. 2d at 1359 (citing § 291

of the URAA).

Because Commerce’s duty absorption inquiry, its methodology

and the parties’ arguments are practically identical to those

presented in SKF USA Inc., the Court adheres to its reasoning in
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 12

SKF USA Inc. The statutory scheme clearly provides that the

inquiry must occur in the second or fourth administrative review

after the publication of the antidumping duty order, not in any

other review, and upon the request of a domestic interested party.

Accordingly, the Court finds that Commerce did not have statutory

authority to undertake a duty absorption investigation for the

antidumping duty orders in dispute here. The Court remands this

case to Commerce with instructions to annul all findings and

conclusions made pursuant to the duty absorption inquiry conducted

for the subject review in accordance with this opinion.

II. Denial of Price-Based LOT Adjustment for CEP Sales

NTN contends that Commerce improperly denied a price-based LOT

adjustment for CEP sales made in the United States market at an LOT

different from the home market sales.3 See NTN’s Mem. at 37-39;

NTN’s Reply at 3. In particular, NTN argues, inter alia, that

Commerce incorrectly determined NTN’s CEP LOT because Commerce

failed to use the sale to the first unaffiliated purchaser in the

United States to determine NTN’s CEP LOT. See NTN’s Mem. at 38;

NTN’s Reply at 4. NTN requests that the Court remand the LOT issue

to Commerce to grant NTN a price-based LOT adjustment for its CEP

3
For a complete discussion of background information and the
statutory provisions at issue, the reader is referred to this
Court’s decision in NTN Bearing, 24 CIT at ___, 104 F. Supp. 2d at
125-128.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 13

sales. See NTN’s Mem. at 39; NTN’s Reply at 4.

Commerce, in turn, argues that it properly determined the LOT

for NTN’s CEP sales based upon the CEP. See Def.’s Mem. at 37.

Commerce deducted expenses and profit from the price to the first

unaffiliated purchaser in the United States pursuant to § 1677a(d)

since § 1677b(a)(7)(A) (1994) provides for an LOT adjustment and

requires Commerce to compare normal value (“NV”) to CEP rather than

to the unadjusted starting price of CEP. See id. (citing Final

Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2577). Commerce points out that CEP is

defined in § 1677a(b) (1994) as the price to the “unaffiliated

purchaser in the United States as adjusted” under § 1677a(d).

Def.’s Mem. at 40. According to Commerce, the adjusted CEP price

is to be compared to prices in the home market based on the same

LOT whenever it is practicable; when it is not practicable and the

LOT difference affects price comparability, Commerce makes an LOT

adjustment. See id. at 34, 36. Commerce makes a CEP offset when

Commerce is not able to quantify price differences between the CEP

LOT and the LOT of the comparison sales, and if NV is established

at a more advanced state of distribution than the CEP LOT. See id.

at 36.

Therefore, Commerce claims that it properly denied an LOT

adjustment for NTN’s CEP sales because NTN did not have a home-

market LOT equivalent to the CEP LOT, making it impossible for
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 14

Commerce to quantify the difference in price between the CEP LOT

and the home market LOT. See id. Because the home market LOT was

at a more advanced stage of distribution than the CEP LOT, Commerce

made a CEP offset pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(7)(B). See id.

Timken generally agrees with Commerce’s positions. See

Timken’s Resp. at 67-69.

In Micron Tech., Inc. v. United States (“Micron”), 243 F.3d

1301 (Fed. Cir. 2001), the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

(“CAFC”) held that the plain text of the antidumping statute and

the Statement of Administrative Action (“SAA”)4 require Commerce to

deduct the expenses enumerated under § 1677a(d) before making the

LOT comparison.5 The court examined § 1677b(a)(1)(B)(i) (1994),

which provides that Commerce must establish NV “to the extent

4
The SAA represents “an authoritative expression by the
Administration concerning its views regarding the interpretation
and application of the Uruguay Round agreements.” H.R. Doc. 103-
316, at 656 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4040. “It is
the expectation of the Congress that future Administrations will
observe and apply the interpretations and commitments set out in
this Statement.” Id.; see also 19 U.S.C. § 3512(d) (1994) (“The
statement of administrative action approved by the Congress . . .
shall be regarded as an authoritative expression by the United
States concerning the interpretation and application of the Uruguay
Round Agreements and this Act in any judicial proceeding in which
a question arises concerning such interpretation or application”).
5
The CAFC’s decision effectively overturned the Court of
International Trade’s determination with respect to this issue in
Borden, Inc. v. United States (“Borden”), 22 CIT 233, 4 F. Supp. 2d
1221 (1998), rev’d 2001 WL 312232 (Fed. Cir. Mar. 12, 2001), a case
discussed by the parties in the instant matter.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 15

practicable, at the same level of trade as the export price or

[CEP],” and § 1677a(b), which defines CEP as “the price at which

the subject merchandise is first sold (or agreed to be sold) in the

United States . . . as adjusted under subsections (c) and (d) of

this section.” (Emphasis supplied). The court concluded that,

“[as] [r]ead together, these two provisions show that Commerce is

required to deduct the subsection (d) expenses from the starting

price in the United States before making the level of trade

comparison.” Micron, 243 F.3d at 1315. The court further stated

that this conclusion is mandated by the SAA, which states that “‘to

the extent practicable, [Commerce should] establish normal value

based on home market (or third country) sales at the same level of

trade as the constructed export price or the starting price for the

export price.’” Id. (citing SAA at 829).

Thus, the Court finds that Commerce properly made § 1677a(d)

adjustments to NTN’s starting price in order to arrive at CEP and

make its LOT determination. The Court also finds that Commerce’s

decision to deny NTN an LOT adjustment is supported by substantial

evidence. Section 1677b(a)(7)(A) permits Commerce to make an LOT

adjustment “if the difference in level of trade . . . involves the

performance of different selling activities[] and . . . is

demonstrated to affect price comparability, based on a pattern of

consistent price differences between sales at different levels of
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 16

trade in the country in which normal value is determined.” With

respect to CEP sales, Commerce found that the same LOT as that of

the CEP for merchandise under review did not exist for any

respondent in the home market; therefore, Commerce was unable to

“determine whether there was a pattern of consistent price

differences between the LOTs based upon the respondent’s home

market sales of merchandise under review.” See Def.’s Mem. at 36.

Commerce recognized that the SAA provides alternative methods

for calculating LOT adjustments, but it determined “that it would

have been inappropriate to apply a LOT adjustment to any

respondent.” See id. Consequently, with respect to the CEP sales

where Commerce was unable to quantify an LOT adjustment, Commerce,

in accordance with § 1677b(a)(7)(B) granted a CEP offset to

respondents, including NTN, because the home market sales were at

a more advanced LOT than the sales to the United States. See id.

The Court finds that Commerce acted within the directive of the

statute in denying the LOT adjustment and granting a CEP offset

instead. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(7).

III. Commerce’s Reallocation of NTN’s Home Market and United
States Selling Expenses Without Regard to LOT

A. Background

In its preliminary calculations, Commerce calculated NTN’s

United States and home market selling expenses without regard to
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 17

LOT. See Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2579. NTN argued that

Commerce should have relied on NTN’s reported United States and

home market selling expenses based on LOT instead of recalculating

these selling expenses without regard to LOT. See id. Timken, in

turn, contended that Commerce should reject NTN’s selling expense

allocations based on LOT because such allocations bear no

relationship to the way in which NTN incurs the expenses. See id.

Commerce responded that for a majority of the expenses under

this POR, it determined that NTN’s methodology for allocating its

selling expenses based on LOTs did not bear any relationship to the

manner in which NTN incurred these United States and home- market

selling expenses and its methodology led to distorted allocations.

See id. Commerce asserts that in Timken Co. v. United States

(“Timken I”), 20 CIT 645, 930 F. Supp. 621 (1996), Commerce was to

accept “NTN’s LOT-specific allocations and per-unit LOT expense

adjustment amounts only if NTN’s expenses demonstrably varied

according to LOT.” Id. (citing Timken I, 20 CIT at 653, 930 F.

Supp. at 629). Acting in accordance with Timken I, Commerce in its

remand results did not allow NTN’s LOT-specific allocations “due to

the lack of quantitative and narrative evidence on the record

demonstrating that the expenses in question demonstrably varied

according to LOT.” Final Resutls, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2579. Since

Commerce found during this POR that except for certain United
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 18

States and home market packing material and packing labor expenses

NTN did not provide “quantitative and narrative evidence” that its

selling expenses are attributable to levels of trade, Commerce

recalculated NTN’s United States and home market selling expenses

without regard to LOT.6 See id. at 2579-80.

B. Contentions of the Parties

NTN contends that Commerce’s decision to reallocate NTN’s

selling expenses violates Commerce’s mandate to administer the

antidumping laws. See NTN’s Mem. at 40. NTN notes that Commerce:

(1) has accepted NTN’s methodology of allocating its selling

expenses based on LOT in previous reviews; and (2) even stated that

NTN’s “detailed and often complex U.S. expense reporting

methodologies result in reasonable allocations.” Id. at 40-41

(quoting Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Reviews

and Revocation in Part of an Antidumping Finding on Tapered Roller

Bearings and Parts Thereof, Finished and Unfinished, From Japan and

Tapered Roller Bearings, Four Inches or Less in Outside Diameter,

6
In support of its methodology, Commerce points out that the
Court in NTN Bearing Corp. of Am. v. United States (“NTN”), 19 CIT
1221, 905 F. Supp. 1083 (1995), stated that “‘[a]lthough NTN
purports to show that it incurred different selling expenses at
different trade levels, the record demonstrates that NTN’s
allocation methodology does not reasonably quantify the expenses
incurred at each level of trade.’” See Def.’s Mem. at 46 (quoting
NTN, 19 CIT at 1234, 905 F. Supp. at 1094-95).
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 19

and Components Thereof, From Japan, 61 Fed. Reg. 57,629, 57,636

(Nov. 7, 1996)). Moreover, NTN argues that Commerce’s rejection of

NTN’s reporting methodology on the basis of complexity is not a

reasonable rationale for reallocating NTN’s selling expenses.7

NTN’s Mem. at 39, 40. NTN contends that such reallocation has the

effect of voiding Commerce’s LOT determination that different LOTs

exist in the United States and Japan. See id. at 41.

Commerce responds that there is no evidence of narrative or

quantitative analysis tying the allocation method to the expenses.

See Def.’s Mem. at 45. Commerce asserts that NTN only quantified

the allocation itself and, therefore, the Court should sustain the

agency’s recalculation of NTN’s United States and home market

selling expenses. See id. at 46.

Timken supports Commerce and argues that Commerce was correct

in rejecting NTN’s allocation of United States and home- market

selling expenses on an LOT-specific basis because “the record did

not contain ‘quantitative and narrative evidence demonstrating’

that sales at different levels incurred different amounts of the

expenses.” See Timken’s Resp. at 69 (quoting Final Results, 63

Fed. Reg. at 2580).

7
The Court does not entertain NTN’s argument regarding
Commerce’s rejection of NTN’s reporting methodology on the basis of
complexity. Commerce corrected this statement in a memorandum to
the file. See Def.’s Mem. at 46 (citing Def.’s Mem. Ex. 2).
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 20

C. Analysis

The Court disagrees with NTN that it adequately supported its

LOT adjustment claim for its reported United States and home-

market selling expenses. Although NTN purports to show that it

incurred different selling expenses at different trade levels, the

evidence to which it points does not show that its allocation

methodology reasonably quantifies the United States and home-

market selling expenses incurred at different LOTs. See NTN

Bearing, 24 CIT at ___, 104 F. Supp. 2d at 131-33; NTN, 19 CIT at

1234, 905 F. Supp. at 1095. Given that NTN had the burden before

Commerce to establish its entitlement to an LOT adjustment, its

failure to provide the requisite evidence compels the Court to

conclude that it has not met its burden of demonstrating that

Commerce’s denial of the LOT adjustment was not supported by

substantial evidence and was not in accordance with law. See NSK

Ltd. v. United States (“NSK Ltd.”), 21 CIT 617, 635-36, 969 F.

Supp. 34, 55 (1997), aff’d, NSK Ltd. v. Koyo Seiko Co.,

Ltd. (“NSK”), 190 F.3d 1321, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 1999).

Accordingly, the Court sustains Commerce’s recalculation of

NTN’s United States and home market selling expenses without regard

to levels of trade.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 21

IV. NTN’s Constructed Export Price Calculation

A. NTN’s Constructed Export Price Calculation Without
Regard to LOT

1. Background

In calculating CEP, Commerce must reduce the starting price

used to establish CEP by “the profit allocated to the expenses

described in paragraphs (1) and (2)” of § 1677a(d). 19 U.S.C. §

1677a(d)(3). Under 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(f) (1994), the “profit” that

is deducted from this starting price is “determined by multiplying

the total actual profit by [a] percentage” calculated “by dividing

the total United States expenses by the total expenses.” 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677a(f)(1) and (2)(A). Section 1677a(f)(2)(B) defines “total

United States expenses” as the total expenses deducted under §

1677a(d)(1) and (2), that is, commissions, direct and indirect

selling expenses, assumptions, and the cost of any further

manufacture or assembly in the United States. Section

1677a(f)(2)(C) establishes a tripartite hierarchy of methods for

calculating “total expenses.” First, “total expenses” could be the

“expenses incurred with respect to the subject merchandise sold in

the United States and the foreign like product sold in the

exporting country” if Commerce requested such expenses for the

purpose of determining NV and CEP. Id. § 1677a(f)(2)(C)(i). If

Commerce did not request these expenses, then “total expenses” are

the “expenses incurred with respect to the narrowest category of
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 22

merchandise sold in the United States and the exporting country

which includes the subject merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. §

1677a(f)(2)(C)(ii). If the data necessary to determine “total

expenses” under either of these methods is not available, then

“total expenses” are the “expenses incurred with respect to the

narrowest category of merchandise sold in all countries which

includes the subject merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. §

1677a(f)(2)(C)(iii). “Total actual profit” is based on whichever

category of merchandise is used to calculate “total expenses” under

§ 1677a(f)(2)(C). See 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(f)(2)(D).

During this POR, NTN argued that profit levels differed by LOT

and had an effect on prices and CEP profit and, therefore, Commerce

should calculate CEP profit on an LOT-specific basis rather than

for each class or kind of merchandise. See Final Results, 63 Fed.

Reg. at 2570. NTN reasoned that § 1677a(f)(2)(C) “expresses a

preference for the [CEP] profit calculations to be performed as

specifically as possible and on the narrowest basis as possible.”

Id.

Commerce rejected NTN’s argument, concluding that: (1)

“[n]either the statute nor the SAA require[s] [Commerce] to

calculate CEP profit on a basis more specific than the subject

merchandise as a whole”; (2) basing the CEP-profit calculation on

an LOT-specific basis would “add a layer of complexity to an
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 23

already complicated exercise with no increase in accuracy”; and (3)

a subdivision “of the CEP-profit calculation would be more

susceptible to manipulation.” Id. (Commerce also relied on its

detailed explanation made in the sixth review of the antifriction

bearings (“AFBs”).8

2. Contention of the Parties

NTN contends that Commerce erred by refusing to calculate CEP

profit on an LOT-specific basis. See NTN’s Mem. at 16.

Highlighting the “narrowest category of merchandise” language of §

8
In the sixth AFB review, Commerce reasoned as follows:

Neither the statute nor the SAA require[s] [Commerce] to
calculate CEP profit on bases more specific than the
subject merchandise as a whole. Indeed, while [Commerce]
cannot at this time rule out the possibility that the
facts of a particular case may require division of CEP
profit, the statute and SAA, by referring to “the”
profit, “total actual profit,” and “total expenses” imply
that [Commerce] should prefer calculating a single profit
figure. NTN’s suggested approach would also add a layer
of complexity to an already complicated exercise with no
guarantee that the result will provide any increase in
accuracy. [Commerce] need not undertake such a
calculation[.] [S]ee Daewoo Elecs. Co. v. International
Union, 6 F.3d 1511, 1518-19 (Fed. Cir. 1993)[]. Finally,
subdivision of the CEP-profit calculation would be more
susceptible to manipulation. Congress has specifically
warned us to be wary of such manipulation of the profit
allocation[.] [S]ee S. Rep. 103-412, 103d Cong., 2d Sess
at 66-67).

Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Reviews of
Antifriction Bearings (Other Than Tapered Roller Bearings) and
Parts Thereof From France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Singapore, and
the United Kingdom, 62 Fed. Reg. 2081, 2125 (Jan. 15, 1997).
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 24

1677a(f)(2)(C)(ii) and (iii), NTN argues that there is a clear

statutory preference that profit be calculated on the narrowest

possible basis. See id. at 17. Moreover, NTN claims that since CV

profit is calculated by LOT and matching is by LOT, CEP profit

should be calculated to account for differences in LOT. See id.

NTN asserts that the mere fact that a calculation is difficult is

not a valid reason to sacrifice accuracy. See id. NTN further

asserts that Commerce’s speculation that an adjustment is

susceptible to manipulation provides no grounds for rejecting an

adjustment. See id. at 16.

Commerce responds that it properly determined CEP profit

without regard to LOT. See Def.’s Mem. at 50. Commerce notes that

§ 1677a(f) does not refer to LOT, that is, the statute does not

require that CEP profit be calculated on an LOT-specific basis.

See id. at 51. In addition, Commerce asserts that even assuming

that a narrower basis for the CEP-profit calculation is warranted

in some circumstances, NTN has not provided any factual support for

such a deviation from Commerce’s standard methodology for

calculating CEP profit. See id. at 52. Timken generally agrees

with Commerce’s CEP-profit calculation. See Timken’s Resp. at 59-

60.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 25

3. Analysis

Section 1677a(f), as Commerce correctly notes, does not make

any reference to LOT. Accordingly, the Court’s duty under Chevron

U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. (“Chevron”),

467 U.S. 837 (1984), is to review the reasonableness of Commerce’s

statutory interpretation. See IPSCO, Inc. v. United States

(“IPSCO”), 965 F.2d 1056, 1061 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (citing Chevron,

467 U.S. at 844).

Commerce’s refusal to calculate CEP profit on an LOT-specific

basis is reasonable and in accordance with law. See NTN Bearing,

24 CIT at ___, 104 F. Supp. 2d at 133-35. The language of the

statute clearly contemplates that, in general, the “narrowest

category” will include the class or kind of merchandise that is

within the scope of an investigation or review. See id.

Subsections (ii) and (iii) of § 1677a(f)(C)’s “total expense”

definition lead to such conclusion because both subsections refer

to “expenses incurred with respect to the narrowest category of

merchandise . . . which includes the subject merchandise.” See id.

at 135. The term “subject merchandise” is defined as “the class or

kind of merchandise that is within the scope of an investigation,

a review, a suspension agreement, an order under this subtitle or

section 1303 of this title, or a finding under the Antidumping Act,

1921.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(25) (1994). Accordingly, the Court finds
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 26

that Commerce reasonably interpreted § 1677a(f) in refusing to

apply a narrower subcategory of merchandise such as one based on

LOT. The Court, moreover, agrees with Commerce’s conclusion that

a subdivision of the “CEP-profit calculation would be more

susceptible to manipulation,” a result that Congress specifically

warned Commerce to prevent. Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2570.

Finally, the Court agrees with Commerce that NTN failed to provide

adequate factual support of how the CEP-profit calculation was

distorted by Commerce’s standard methodology.

B. Inclusion of EP Sales in Calculation of NTN’s
Constructed Export Price Profit

1. Background

Under 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d)(3), Commerce must, in order to

calculate CEP, deduct “the profit allocated to the expenses

described in” 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d)(l) and (2) from the price

charged to the first unaffiliated purchaser in the United States.

“Profit” is defined as “an amount determined by multiplying the

total actual profit by the applicable percentage,” 19 U.S.C. §

1677a(f)(1), and “actual profit” is defined as the “total profit

earned . . . with respect to the sale of the same merchandise for

which total expenses are determined . . . .” 19 U.S.C. §

1677a(f)(2)(D). The term “total expenses” means “all expenses in

the first of [three] categories which applies and which are
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 27

incurred by or on behalf of the foreign producer and foreign

exporter of the subject merchandise and by or on behalf of the

United States seller affiliated with the producer or exporter with

respect to the production and sale of such merchandise . . . .” 19

U.S.C. § 1677a(f)(2)(C). The first category covers “expenses

incurred with respect to the subject merchandise sold in the United

States and the foreign like product sold in the exporting country

. . . .” 19 U.S.C. 1677a(f)(2)(C)(i). “Subject merchandise,” in

turn, is defined as “the class or kind of merchandise that is

within the scope of . . . a review . . . .” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(25).

In the Final Results, Commerce included EP sales in the

calculation of CEP profit. See generally, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2570.

2. Contentions of the Parties

NTN contends that the statute clearly states that the

adjustment of profit to the CEP is to be based on expenses incurred

in the United States as a percentage of total expenses and that

there is no provision in the statute for the inclusion of EP

expenses or profit in this calculation. See NTN’s Mem. at 17-19.

NTN deduces, therefore, that Commerce erred by including EP sales

in the calculation of CEP profit. Id. at 19.

Specifically, NTN relies on the definition of the

term “total expenses.” See 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(f)(2)(C). NTN
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 28

maintains that the specific reference to CEP within the definition

precludes Commerce from the inclusion of EP expenses in the

calculation of CEP profit. See NTN’s Mem. at 17-18. NTN further

states that “just as EP expenses cannot be considered, it follows

logically that sales revenue for EP sales also cannot be included

[in the calculation of CEP profit]” since the definition of “total

actual profit,” 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(f)(2)(D), “directly references

the definition of ‘total expenses.’” Id. at 19. NTN, therefore,

requests that EP sales be removed from NTN’s CEP profit adjustment

calculation. See id.

Commerce contends that the inclusion of revenues and expenses

resulting from NTN’s EP sales in the calculation of CEP profit was

in accordance with the law because it was a reasonable

interpretation of the statutory mandates of sections 1677a(f)(2)(C)

and (D) and 1677(25) of Title 19. See Def.’s Mem. at 49.

Specifically, Commerce points out that the term “subject

merchandise” is defined as “‘the class or kind of merchandise that

is within the scope of . . . a review . . . .’” Id. (quoting 19

U.S.C. § 1677(25)). Commerce notes that the term “subject

merchandise” is referred to in the statute that defines “total

expenses,” see 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(f)(2)(C)(i), and therefore, “total

expenses” encompasses NTN’s EP and CEP sales. See Def.’s Mem. at

49. Commerce further articulates that:
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 29

[t]he basis for total actual profit is the same as the
basis for total expenses . . . [see 19 U.S.C. §
1677a(f)(2)(C)(1994)]. The first alternative under [19
U.S.C. § 1677a(f)(2)(C)] states that, for purposes of
determining profit, the term “total expenses” refers to
all expenses incurred with respect to the subject
merchandise sold in the United States (as well as home
market expenses). Thus, where the respondent makes both
EP and CEP sales to the United States, sales of the
subject merchandise would encompass all such
transactions. Therefore, because NTN had EP sales,
[Commerce] . . . included these sales in the calculation
of CEP profit.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2570.

Commerce also points out that its September 4, 1997 policy

bulletin explains that 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(f)(2)(D) “provides that

the calculation of ‘total actual profit’ is to include all revenues

and expenses resulting from the respondent’s EP sales as well as

from its CEP and home market sales.” Def.’s Mem. at 49 (citing

Commerce’s Policy Bulletin 97.1 of September 4, 1997).

Timken agrees with Commerce and contends that Commerce

reasonably calculated CEP profit on the basis of all United States

sales, including EP sales. See Timken’s Resp. at 60-61. In

addition, Timken argues that the Court lacks jurisdiction over the

issue of the inclusion of EP sales in the calculation of NTN’s CEP

profit because Commerce did not ultimately make a CEP profit

adjustment.9 See Timken’s Resp. at 59 (proprietary version).

9
The Court is bewildered by Timken’s argument that the Court
would be rendering an opinion on a moot issue had the Court decided
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 30

3. Analysis

Based upon the above-defined statutory scheme, Commerce

concluded that where a respondent made both EP and CEP sales,

“sales of the subject merchandise” encompassed all such

transactions and, therefore, Commerce could reasonably interpret

the statutory scheme as providing that the calculation of total

actual profit is to include all revenues and expenses resulting

from the respondent’s EP sales as well as from its CEP and home-

market sales. See Def.’s Mem. at 49. Commerce’s September 4, 1997

policy bulletin provides:

The calculation of total actual profit under [19 U.S.C.
§ 1677a(f)(2)(D)] includes all revenues and expenses
resulting from the respondent’s [EP] sales as well as
from its constructed export price and home market sales
. . . . The basis for total actual profit is the same as
the basis for total expenses under [19 U.S.C. §
1677a(f)(2)(C)]. The first alternative under this
section . . . states that, for purposes of determining
profit, the term “total expenses” refers to all expenses

to rule on the inclusion of EP sales in the calculation of NTN’s
CEP profit. See Timken’s Resp. at 59 (proprietary version).
Timken’s reliance on Rose Bearings Ltd. v. United States (“Rose
Bearings”), 14 CIT 801, 751 F. Supp. 1545 (1990), is misplaced
since in that case, the Court held that it lacked jurisdiction
after determining that the plaintiff did not have standing, that
is, that the plaintiff was not a party to a “live case or
controversy” since the plaintiff “was not subject to the
antidumping duty order that it ha[d] appealed . . . .” Rose
Bearings, 14 CIT at 802, 751 F. Supp. at 1546. Unlike the
plaintiff in Rose Bearings, NTN could be affected by the challenge
to Commerce’s inclusion of EP sales in Commerce’s calculation of
CEP profit. See Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. 2570. Therefore, this
Court is correct in rendering a decision over the issue of
Commerce’s inclusion of EP sales in the calculation of NTN’s CEP
profit since NTN is a party to a live case or controversy.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 31

incurred with respect to the subject merchandise sold in
the United States (as well as home market expenses).
Thus, where the respondent makes both EP and CEP [sales],
sales of the subject merchandise would encompass all such
transactions.

Def.’s Mem. at 49.

The SAA further clarifies the point and states the following:

The total expenses are all expenses incurred by or on
behalf of the foreign producer and exporter and the
affiliated seller in the United States with respect to
the production and sale of the first of the following
alternatives which applies: (1) the subject merchandise
sold in the United States and the foreign like product
sold in the exporting country (if Commerce requested this
information in order to determine the normal value and
the constructed export price) . . . .

H.R. DOC. 103-316 at 824.

Based upon its interpretation of the statutory language and

upon the SAA’s reference to CEP, NTN claims that there are only two

categories of expenses that Commerce could use in calculating CEP

profit: those used to calculate NV and those used to calculate CEP.

See NTN’s Mem. at 18. Additionally, NTN states that just as EP

expenses cannot be used in calculating CEP profit, neither can

sales revenue be used for EP sales since the definition of “total

actual profit” under 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(f)(2)(D) refers to the

definition of “total expenses” in 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(f)(2)(C). See

id.

NTN, however, ignores two issues. To start, the first
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 32

category of total expenses under § 1677a(f)(2)(C) is not limited to

expenses incurred with respect to CEP sales made in the United

States and the foreign like product sold in the exporting country.

It also covers expenses incurred with respect to EP sales because

it refers to “expenses incurred with respect to the subject

merchandise sold in the United States”; the term “subject

merchandise” is defined in 19 U.S.C. § 1677(25) as the class or

kind of merchandise that is within the scope of a review; and the

class or kind of merchandise in this review includes both CEP and

EP sales.

Second, as the SAA explains, the total expenses are all

expenses incurred with respect to the production and sale of the

first of the three alternatives. In referring to the first

category of expenses, the SAA specifically refers to “the subject

merchandise sold in the United States,” which by definition means

the class or kind of merchandise which is within the scope of a

review and, in this review, includes both CEP and EP sales. H.R.

DOC. 103-316 at 824.

For these reasons the Court is not convinced by NTN’s argument

that Commerce’s interpretation of the statutory scheme is

unreasonable and sustains Commerce’s inclusion of EP sales in the

calculation of CEP profit. See Chevron, 467 U.S. 837.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 33

V. Commerce’s Recalculation of Credit Expenses for Constructed
Export Price Sales

A. Background

During the POR, NTN calculated its United States credit

expense for CEP sales on a customer-specific basis. See NTN’s Mem.

at 23-24 and Ex. “U.S. Verification Report.” “NTN calculated the

average days of payment for each customer, and multiplied the

average number of days by the interest rate to arrive at a credit

expense.” Def.’s Mem. at 53.

During the review, Timken contended that Commerce “should

recalculate NTN’s U.S. credit expense because NTN reported a

customer-specific average credit expense rather than a transaction-

specific credit expense” thereby producing distortive results.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2571. Timken noted that NTN

“provided the necessary information on record to recalculate a

credit expense on a transaction-specific” basis. Id.

NTN responded that its credit expense should not be

recalculated because Commerce had accepted NTN’s methodology of

reporting a customer-specific credit expense in previous AFB

reviews and “verified the accuracy of NTN’s data” for this and

other reviews.10 See id. at 2572; see also NTN’s Mem. at 23 (citing

10
NTN cites to a past administrative review for NTN’s
proposition that Commerce has previously accepted NTN’s
methodology of reporting a customer-specific credit expense. See
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 34

1997 Final Results, 62 Fed. Reg. 54,043, 54,066-54,067 [sic].11

Commerce agreed with Timken with regards to CEP sales,

finding:

We have data on the record which allows us to calculate
a transaction-specific credit expense for CEP sales.
Therefore, we have recalculated NTN’s credit expense
using the dates of payment which NTN reported.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2572.

B. Contentions of the Parties

NTN notes that Commerce has accepted NTN’s calculation of

credit expenses on a customer-specific basis for previous

antidumping duty orders on AFBs from Japan. See NTN’s Mem. at 23.

NTN contends that since “NTN has not modified its reporting

NTN’s Mem. at 23 (citing Final Results of Antidumping Duty
Administrative Reviews of Antifriction Bearings (Other Than Tapered
Roller Bearings) and Parts Thereof From France, Germany, Italy,
Japan, Romania, Singapore, Sweden and the United Kingdom (“1997
Final Results”), 62 Fed. Reg. 54,043, 54,066-54,067 [sic] (October
17, 1997). In that review, Commerce allowed NTN to calculate its
United States credit expense for EP sales on a customer-specific
basis since NTN could not report its credit expenses on a
transaction basis. See 1997 Final Results at 54,053. However,
with regards to CEP sales, Commerce recalculated NTN’s credit
expense on a transaction-specific basis since NTN provided
transaction-specific information to Commerce. See id. Therefore,
the Court holds that Commerce’s prior methodology does not require
Commerce to use NTN’s customer-specific reported and verified data
when NTN provides transaction-specific information allowing for the
calculation of credit expense on a transaction-specific basis.

11
The Court assumes that the correct citation is 1997 Final
Results, 62 Fed. Reg. 54,043, 54,053.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 35

methodology, and [Commerce] verified NTN’s reported expenses, it is

inappropriate and contrary to law for [Commerce] to modify NTN’s

reported data.” Id. Moreover, NTN asserts that Commerce’s

recalculation of NTN’s credit expense on a transaction-specific

basis, rather than the use of NTN’s reported customer-specific

credit expense, constitutes unlawful use of facts available under

19 U.S.C. § 1677e (1994). See id. at 23-25.

Commerce asserts that its “questionnaire instructed [NTN] as

to the proper method for calculating and reporting credit

expenses.” Def.’s Mem. at 52 and Ex. 3. In particular, Commerce’s

preference for the reporting of credit expenses is that they be

reported on a transaction-specific basis rather than on an average

or allocated basis. See Def.’s Mem. at 52-53. However, Commerce

claims that when a company’s records do not permit transaction-

specific reporting, Commerce has permitted use of average or

allocated expenses, that is, customer-specific reporting. See id.

at 53. Commerce argues that since NTN provided the necessary

information on record which permitted a transaction-specific

calculation of NTN’s United States credit expenses for CEP sales,

Commerce properly exercised its preference and recalculated the

expenses on such a basis. See id. at 53-54. Additionally,

Commerce contends that NTN’s argument declaring Commerce’s

recalculation of credit expense on a transaction-specific basis as
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 36

“impermissible use of facts available” under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e has

no merit since Commerce did not resort to any data other than that

reported by NTN. See id. at 54.

Timken agrees with Commerce, noting that, consistent with the

antidumping statute, Commerce has a preference for transaction-

specific reporting of credit expenses since actual costs allow

Commerce to determine “the most accurate dumping margins possible.”

Timken’s Resp. at 65. Timken notes that Commerce’s questionnaire

requesting information indicated a strong preference for reporting

credit expenses on a transaction-specific basis. See id. Since

the record contained information reported by NTN that permitted

more precise credit expense calculations, that is, transaction-

specific payment dates for NTN’s CEP sales, Timken contends that

Commerce properly recalculated NTN’s United States credit expenses

on a transaction-specific basis. See id. Also, Timken asserts

that Commerce’s use of NTN’s reported verified sale and payment

dates to recalculate NTN’s credit expense on a transaction-specific

basis does not constitute the unlawful “use of facts available.”

See id.

C. Analysis

The Court disagrees with NTN that Commerce is now prohibited

from using transaction-specific reporting of NTN’s United States
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 37

credit expense merely because Commerce had accepted NTN’s customer-

specific reporting of such expenses in previous AFB reviews and

verified the accuracy of NTN’s data for this and other reviews.

Commerce does not have to adhere to its customer-specific reporting

methodology for calculating credit expenses when a respondent

provides the necessary information on record for calculating such

expenses on a more accurate and preferred basis, that is, a

transaction-specific basis. See generally NSK Ltd. v. United

States (“NSK 1995"), 19 CIT 1013, 1027, 896 F. Supp. 1263, 1275

(1995), rev’d on other grounds, 115 F.3d 965 (Fed. Cir. 1997),

(noting that Commerce does not have to “adhere to its prior

reporting methodology, especially where Commerce is striving for

more accuracy” and explaining that “[d]irect selling expenses are

incurred with respect to specific transactions. Credit, for

example, is a selling expense which is only incurred when credit is

extended under the terms of sale. Because credit expense is a

direct expense, it should be tied to the transaction for which it

was incurred”).

The Court also finds that NTN’s argument that Commerce’s

recalculation of NTN’S United States credit expense on a

transaction-specific basis constitutes the unlawful “use of facts

available” under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e has no merit since NTN clearly

misreads the clear language of that statute. The antidumping
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 38

statute mandates that Commerce use “facts otherwise available”

(commonly referred to as “facts available”) if “necessary

information is not available on the record” of an antidumping

proceeding. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(1). In addition, Commerce may

use facts available where an interested party or any other person:

(1) withholds information that has been requested by Commerce; (2)

fails to provide the requested information by the requested date or

in the form and manner requested, subject to 19 U.S.C. §

1677m(c)(1), (e) (1994); (3) significantly impedes an antidumping

proceeding; and (4) provides information that cannot be verified as

provided in 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(i) (1994). See 19 U.S.C. §

1677e(a)(2)(A)-(D). Section 1677e(a) provides, however, that the

use of facts available shall be subject to the limitations set

forth in 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d)(1994).

The legislative goal behind Commerce’s right to use facts

available is to "induce respondents to provide Commerce with

requested information in a timely, complete, and accurate manner .

. . .” National Steel Corp. v. United States, 18 CIT 1126, 1129,

870 F. Supp. 1130, 1134 (1994). Consequently, Commerce enjoys very

broad, although not unlimited, discretion with regard to the

propriety of its use of facts available. See generally, Olympic

Adhesives, Inc. v. United States, 899 F.2d 1565 (Fed. Cir. 1990)

(acknowledging Commerce’s broad discretion with regard to the use
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 39

of facts available but pointing out that Commerce's resort to facts

available is an abuse of discretion where the information Commerce

requests does not and could not exist).

During the review at issue, NTN complied with Commerce’s

request for data by providing the necessary information on record

which permitted a transaction-specific calculation of NTN’s United

States credit expenses for CEP sales. See Final Results at 2572.

Since Commerce did not resort to any data other than that reported

by NTN, Commerce’s recalculation of NTN’s United States credit

expense on a transaction-specific basis did not constitute the

unlawful use of “facts available” under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e.

Accordingly, the Court finds that Commerce’s recalculation of

NTN’s United States credit expense on a transaction-specific basis

was supported by substantial evidence and in accordance with law.

VI. Denial of an Adjustment to United States Indirect Selling
Expenses for Interest Allegedly Incurred in Financing Cash
Deposits for Antidumping Duties

A. Background

During the review, NTN claimed a downward adjustment to its

reported United States indirect selling expenses for imputed

interest expenses allegedly incurred in financing cash deposits for

antidumping duties. See Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2570-71.

Commerce denied the adjustment and determined that such an interest
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 40

offset to NTN’s indirect selling expenses is inappropriate, whether

based on actual interest expenses or an imputed amount allegedly

associated with financing cash deposits. See id. at 2571.

Commerce thereby deducted the entire amount of NTN’s reported

indirect selling expenses, including all interest, from the CEP.

See Def.’s Mem. at 55-56.

Commerce noted that 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d)(1), which provides

for the deduction of certain selling expenses from CEP that were

“incurred by or for the account of the producer or exporter, or the

affiliated seller in the United States, in selling the subject

merchandise,” does not precisely define what constitutes a selling

expense; instead, Congress has given Commerce discretionary

authority to determine what such an expense encompasses. See Final

Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2571. Commerce acknowledged that in past

reviews of the applicable antidumping duty orders, it determined

that interest expenses incurred in financing antidumping duty cash

deposits were not considered selling expenses and thereby allowed

an offsetting, financing-cost adjustment to United States indirect

selling expenses. See id. For this review, however, Commerce

reconsidered its position and concluded that this offsetting

financing-cost adjustment is inappropriate. See id.

Commerce found that while under the statute it may allow a

limited exemption from deductions from United States price for
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 41

antidumping duty cash deposits and legal fees associated with

participation in an antidumping case, it found no basis for

extending this exemption to interest expenses allegedly incurred in

financing the cash deposits. See id. The agency reasoned that

there is a distinction “between business expenses that arise from

economic activities in the United States and business expenses that

are direct, inevitable consequences of an antidumping duty order.”

Id. Commerce determined that while cash deposits and legal fees

are incurred solely as a result of the existence of an antidumping

order, “[f]inancial expenses allegedly associated with cash

deposits are not a direct, inevitable consequence of an antidumping

duty order.” Id. In particular, Commerce explained that although

it may be true that some importers sometimes incur a cost if they

borrow money in order to pay for cash deposits of antidumping

duties, it is a fundamental principle that:

“[m]oney is fungible. If an importer acquires a loan to
cover one operating cost, that may simply mean that it
will not be necessary to borrow money to cover a
different operating cost.” Companies may choose to meet
obligations for cash deposits in a variety of ways that
rely on existing capital resources or that require
raising new resources through debt or equity. For
example, companies may choose to pay deposits by using
cash on hand, obtaining loans, increasing sales revenues,
or raising capital through the sale of equity shares. In
fact, companies face these choices every day regarding
all their expenses and financial obligations. There is
nothing inevitable about a company having to finance cash
deposits and there is no way for [Commerce] to trace the
motivation or use of such funds even if it were.

Id. (quoting Preliminary Results, 62 Fed. Reg. at 47,455). Commerce
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 42

also noted that “the calculation of the dumping margins should not

vary depending on whether a party has funds available to pay cash

deposits or requires additional funds in the form of loans.”

Preliminary Results, 62 Fed. Reg. at 47,455.

Moreover, Commerce determined that it should not impute an

amount for any interest costs that would theoretically be

associated with financing actual cash deposits of antidumping

duties. Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2571. Commerce reasoned

that

[t]here is no real opportunity cost associated with cash
deposits when the paying of such deposits is a
precondition for doing business in the United States. .
. . Companies cannot choose not to pay cash deposits if
they want to import nor can they dictate the terms,
conditions, or timing of such payments.

Id.

B. Contentions of the Parties

NTN claims that Commerce’s rationale for denying NTN’s

adjustment for interest expenses is flawed because irrespective of

how a company opts to finance the cash deposits for antidumping

duties, the amount of cash deposited will have to be made up by

financing something else, a result that is a direct inevitable

consequence of the antidumping duty order. See NTN’s Mem. at 20.

NTN also asserts that if Commerce were to allow the interest

expenses from cash deposits from prior reviews to affect the
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 43

dumping margin calculations of present reviews, a never-ending

cycle would follow that would prevent Commerce from ever revoking

the antidumping duty order. See id. at 21.

Further, NTN notes that Commerce has repeatedly taken the

position that interest expenses incurred in financing cash deposits

of antidumping duties cannot be properly treated as indirect

selling expenses and, therefore, has allowed for an interest-

expense adjustment on antidumping duty cash deposits. See id. at

20-22 (citations omitted). NTN asserts that Commerce’s decision to

alter its prior methodology is “unreasonable and internally-

contradictory.” NTN’s Reply at 7.

NTN also asserts that this Court has consistently upheld the

interest-expense adjustment to indirect selling expenses when

Commerce has granted it and has remanded to Commerce to allow the

adjustment when the agency has denied it. See NTN’s Mem. at 22-23

(citations omitted). In particular, NTN argues that Federal-Mogul

Corp. v. United States (“Federal-Mogul”), 20 CIT 1438, 1440-41, 950

F. Supp. 1179, 1182-83 (1996), clearly refutes Commerce’s decision

to deny NTN’s interest-expense adjustment. See id. at 22. In

particular, NTN notes the court in Federal-Mogul found that there

was no support for a domestic party’s “assertion that any expense

related to antidumping proceedings is automatically a selling

expense related to the sale of the subject merchandise. Indeed,
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 44

pursuant to the rationale of [Daewoo Elecs. Co. v. United States

(“Daewoo”), 13 CIT 253, 270, 712 F. Supp. 931, 947 (1989)], such

expenses are not necessarily selling expenses.” Id. at 22 (quoting

Federal-Mogul, 20 CIT at 1440-41, 950 F. Supp. at 1183). NTN

points out that the court in Federal-Mogul found that, similar to

the Daewoo court’s holding that legal expenses related to

antidumping proceedings are not selling expenses, the interest

expenses at issue did not qualify as selling expenses because they

were not related to the sale of merchandise, but to NTN’s

participation in the antidumping proceeding. See id. NTN also

notes that in NSK Ltd., 21 CIT at 637, 969 F. Supp. at 55, the

Court reaffirmed its decision in Federal-Mogul to allow NTN’s

adjustment for interest expenses on antidumping duty cash deposits.

See id. at 23. NTN contends that Commerce’s decision to alter its

policy is unreasonable and there is no danger that an interest-

expense adjustment to indirect selling expenses would be used to

“mask dumping.” See id.; NTN’s Reply at 7.

Commerce argues that its decision to deny the offset was

within its discretion. See Def.’s Mem. at 57. Commerce also

argues that it may change its methodology if it presents a

reasonable basis for departing from its previous practice. See id.

at 57-59. Further, Commerce contends that the interest expenses

allegedly incurred with financing antidumping duty cash deposits
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 45

are ordinary interest expenses and, therefore, not deductible from

United States indirect selling expenses. See id. at 59.

Timken asserts that Commerce reasonably denied the offset,

because allowing United States selling expenses to be reduced in

the manner claimed by NTN encourages dumping. See Timken’s Resp.

at 63. Specifically, Timken argues that an adjustment for NTN’s

interest expenses on antidumping duty cash deposits would “allow

NTN to mask present dumping through alleged interest used to

finance past cash deposits.” Id. Timken contends for example

that:

the interest might be equal to five percent of the value
of U.S. sales in the present review. Under NTN’s
approach, the Commerce Department would be required to
offset expenses attributable to sales made during the
present administrative review with interest imputed to
past cash deposits. Thus, the importer may sell at
prices five percent less than fair value without being
found to have dumped. The Commerce Department would
offset reductions amounting to five percent of U.S. sales
prices with the five percent imputed interest. The
offset would mask the importer’s dumping, and the
importer would escape the coverage of the antidumping
duty law.

Id. Timken also argues that other than NTN’s reported “amount of

imputed interest attributable to its cash antidumping duty

deposits,” there is no evidence that NTN actually obtained loans

for the purpose of posting cash deposits. Id. at 64. Therefore,

there is no factual basis for the adjustment. See id.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 46

C. Analysis

Although NTN correctly points out that interest expenses

incurred on financing antidumping cash deposits are not “selling

expenses,” see Federal-Mogul, 20 CIT at 1441, 950 F. Supp. at 1183,

the Court disagrees that Commerce in this review is prevented from

altering its methodology of making adjustments to United States

indirect selling expenses. This Court has noted that “Commerce

may, in certain circumstances, reasonably change its methodology

from review to review.” Timken Co. v. United States (“Timken”), 21

CIT 1313, 1332, 989 F. Supp. 234, 250 (1997), vacated in part on

other grounds, 1 F. Supp. 2d 1390, 1393 (1998) (allowing Commerce

to alter its methodology with respect to interest expenses incurred

for financing cash deposits).

Consequently, since 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d) does not provide

clear guidance with respect to the adjustment, the issue for the

Court is whether Commerce’s interpretation of the statute was

reasonable. The Court finds that Commerce reasonably interpreted

the statute by concluding that financing expenses incurred on

antidumping duty cash deposits are not an inevitable consequence of

the antidumping duty order and that, with respect to imputed

interest costs, there is no real opportunity cost associated with

cash deposits when the paying of such deposits is a precondition

for doing business in the United States. Further, the Court finds
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 47

that NTN failed to provide any evidence on record that supports the

fact that NTN actually or approximately incurred the alleged

interest expenses on antidumping duty cash deposits. Commerce

acted rationally in denying NTN’s claimed interest-expense

adjustment and, therefore, Commerce’s determination is sustained.

VII. Valuation of Major Inputs From Affiliated Suppliers

A. Statutory Background

The NV of the subject merchandise is, in pertinent part, “the

price at which the foreign like product is first sold . . . for

consumption in the exporting country.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(1)(B)

(i). However, whenever Commerce has “reasonable grounds to believe

or suspect” that sales of the foreign like product under

consideration for the determination of NV have been made at prices

which represent less than the COP of that product, Commerce shall

determine whether, in fact, such sales were made at less than the

COP. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(b)(1) (1994). A “reasonable ground”

exists if Commerce disregarded below-cost sales of a particular

exporter or producer from the determination of NV in the most

recently completed administrative review. See 19 U.S.C. §

1677b(b)(2)(A)(ii). If Commerce determines that there are sales

below the COP and certain conditions are present under §

1677b(b)(1)(A)-(B), it may disregard such below-cost sales in the

determination of NV. See id.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 48

Additionally, the special rules for the calculation of COP or

CV contained in 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f)(2)-(3) (1994), provide that,

in a transaction between affiliated persons as defined in 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677(33) (1994), Commerce may disregard either the transaction or

the value of a major input.

Section 1677b(f)(2) provides that Commerce may disregard an

affiliated-party transaction when “the amount representing [the

transaction or transfer price] does not fairly reflect the amount

usually reflected in sales of merchandise under consideration in

the market under consideration [that is, an arms-length or market

price].” If such “a transaction is disregarded . . . and no other

transactions are available for consideration,” Commerce shall value

the cost of an affiliated-party input “based on the information

available as to what the amount would have been if the transaction

had occurred between persons who are not affiliated,” that is,

based on an arms-length or market value. 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f)(2)

(“fair-value” provision).

Section 1677b(f)(3)’s “major input rule” directs that if (1)

a transaction between affiliated companies involves the production

by one of such companies of a “major input” to the merchandise

produced by the other, and (2) Commerce has “reasonable grounds to

believe or suspect” that the amount reported as the value of such
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 49

input is below the COP, then Commerce may calculate the value of

the major input on the basis of the data available regarding such

COP, if such COP exceeds the market value of the input, as

determined under § 1677b(f)(2). For purposes of § 1677b(f)(3),

regulation 19 C.F.R. § 351.407(b) (1998) provides that Commerce

will value a major input supplied by an affiliated party based on

the highest of (1) the actual transfer price for the input, (2) the

market value of the input, or (3) the COP of the input.

B. Factual Background

Because Commerce disregarded sales that failed the below-cost

sales test pursuant to § 1677b(b)(1) in the prior review with

respect to NTN’s TRBs from Japan, Commerce determined pursuant to

§ 1677b(b)(2)(A)(ii) that it had “reasonable grounds to believe or

suspect” that sales of NTN’s foreign like product under

consideration for the determination of NV in this POR might have

been made at prices below the COP. See Preliminary Results, 62

Fed. Reg. at 47,457. Consequently, pursuant to § 1677b(b)(1),

Commerce initiated COP investigations of NTN’s sales in the home

market and, thereby, requested information relating to the COP and

CV. See id.

In its questionnaire for this POR, Commerce requested that NTN

provide certain data regarding the valuation of major inputs
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 50

received from affiliated suppliers and used to produce the

merchandise under review during the cost calculation period. See

Def.’s Mem. at 60; see also Def.’s Ex. 4. In particular, Commerce

instructed NTN as follows:

List the major inputs received from affiliated parties
and used to produce the merchandise under review during
the cost calculation period. . . . For each major input
identified, provide the following information:

a. the total volume and value of the input purchased
from all sources by your company during the cost
calculation period, and the total volume and value
purchased from each affiliated party during the
same period;

b. the per-unit transfer price charged for the input
by the affiliated party (if the affiliated party
sells the identical input to other, unaffiliated
purchasers, provide documentation showing the price
paid for the input by the unaffiliated purchaser;
if your company purchases the identical input from
unaffiliated suppliers, provide documentation
showing the unaffiliated party’s sales price for
the input); and

c. if you are responding to this section of the
questionnaire in connection with an investigation
of sales below cost, provide the per-unit cost of
production incurred by the affiliated party in
producing the major input. . . .

Def.’s Ex. 4.

In addition, Commerce requested that NTN “specify the basis

used by [NTN] to value each major input for purposes of computing

the submitted COP and CV amounts (e.g., transfer price, cost of

production).” Id.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 51

In its response to Commerce’s questionnaire, NTN: (1)

identified NTN’s major inputs; (2) “submitted tables that

identified its affiliated and unaffiliated suppliers for a sample

of the different major inputs used to produce TRBs” and compared

transfer prices to the unaffiliated supplier’s prices which

demonstrated that certain “transfer prices were lower than [what]

NTN’s unaffiliated supplier charged for the same model”; (3)

submitted tables containing COP data for a sample of certain major

inputs used to produce TRBs that NTN purchased from an affiliated

supplier; and (4) “specified that [NTN] calculated COP and CV using

transfer prices to value the identified major inputs” and “created

a variable in its COP and CV database, ‘RELPTY,’ that identified

for each control number, the total percentage of affiliated party

inputs used in producing a particular TRB model.” Def.’s Mem. at

60-61 (citing Def.’s Confidential Ex. 5).

Subsequently, NTN “submitted revised exhibits that compared

the weighted average transfer price, the weighted average COP, and,

in limited instances, the market value for major inputs purchased

from affiliated suppliers.” Def.’s Mem. at 61; Def.’s Confidential

Ex. 6. Commerce verified NTN’s COP and transfer price responses

regarding the inputs but did not verify the market values for most

of the major inputs because, except for one affiliated supplier’s

inputs, “there were no unaffiliated suppliers of the identical
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 52

components or services” that would allow NTN to provide market

values for most major inputs. Def.’s Mem. at 62; Def.’s

Confidential Ex. 7 at 24. Commerce also verified that for the

affiliated supplier’s inputs, that is, the one affiliated supplier

for whom there were unaffiliated suppliers of identical components

or services, “the market value was greater than the reported

transfer price and . . . COP.” Def.’s Mem. at 62. In the

Preliminary Results, Commerce determined that the appropriate value

for the affiliated supplier’s major inputs was market value since

it was higher in amount than NTN’s transfer price or the affiliated

supplier’s COP. See id.; Def.’s Confidential Ex. 8 at 1. However,

“Commerce was unable to identify the particular TRB models that

contained [the major inputs at issue] because NTN’s ‘RELPTY’

variables did not isolate these items.” Def.’s Mem. at 62.

Commerce, therefore, used “available information on the record” to

increase the transfer prices, that is, the prices of affiliated

supplier’s inputs that NTN used to calculate COP and CV, in order

to reflect market value. Id. at 62-63.

Commerce articulated its methodology of increasing the

transfer prices of major inputs as reported by NTN in order to

reflect market value:

To account for the difference between the fair value and
the reported transfer price, we have increased NTN’s
reported COP and CV by first calculating a weighted
average percentage difference between the fair value
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 53

and the transfer price. We calculated this weighted
average percentage difference . . . [by:]

[1] determin[ing] the percentage of affiliated party
purchases represented by [the affiliated supplier]
. . .[;]
[2] appl[ying] . . . this difference between fair value
and transfer price for sampled purchases from [the
affiliated supplier] . . .[;]
[3] appl[ying] this difference to each control number’s
Relpty variable that NTN provided in its cost
files[] (NTN’s Relpty variable provides the
percentage of the value of the affiliated party
transfer price to the total cost of production or
constructed value for each model).
-- The resulting value was then included in each model’s
COP or CV.

NTN’s Ex. “COP/CV Memorandum”; see also Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg.

at 2573 and NTN’s Mem. at 25.

C. Contentions of the Parties

NTN contends that Commerce’s “adjustment to COP and CV for

affiliated-party inputs is distortive and should be eliminated.”

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2572. Specifically, NTN asserts

that Commerce erred when it used the results that it obtained from

testing affiliated-party inputs on a sample basis to adjust COP and

CV by using the highest of transfer price, market price or the COP

of the input for “all of NTN’s affiliated party inputs regardless

of the fact that not all of these inputs contained [the particular

affiliated supplier’s] retainers” at issue. NTN’s Reply at 8;

see NTN’s Mem. at 25. NTN notes that Commerce’s application of the

adjustment to all of NTN’s affiliated party inputs resulted in
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 54

double-counting of profit because--even if the price of a TRB’s

input from the particular affiliated supplier at issue was above

COP--an adjustment would still be made to the same input thereby

adding “profit to the input that already includes a profit.” NTN’s

Mem. at 27; NTN’s Reply at 9.

Additionally, NTN contends that 19 U.S.C. §§ 1677b(f)(2) and

(3) neither mandate nor imply Commerce’s methodology of valuing a

major input purchased from an affiliated party at the highest of

the COP, transfer price or market price. See NTN’s Mem. at 26.

NTN alternatively asserts that if Commerce’s adjustment was

correct, Commerce could have used a more reasonable method by

calculating “the weighted average difference between COP and

transfer price for all [the major inputs at issue] sold to NTN.”

Id.

NTN also argues that Commerce’s single adjustment constituted

an unwarranted use of adverse facts available because Commerce

“used the sales of [a few major inputs at issue] which were sold

[below] COP, while disregarding those sales [of major inputs at
12
issue which were sold above COP], to make a single adjustment.”

12
The Court is unconvinced that Commerce used adverse facts
available in making its single adjustment to NTN’s COP and CV.
Rather, Commerce, in order to value major inputs on a market value
basis, only resorted to facts available since it used information
on the record to increase the affiliated supplier’s transfer prices
that NTN used to calculate COP and CV. See Def.’s Mem. at 62-63;
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 55

NTN’s Reply at 9; see NTN’s Mem. at 26. Additionally, NTN

maintains that “NTN fully responded to [Commerce’s] request for

information on related party inputs, including information such as

COP data, pricing data for affiliated inputs and pricing data for

non-affiliated inputs . . . [;] . . . NTN’s variable ‘RELPTY,’

identified for each control number, the total percentage of

affiliated party inputs used in producing a particular TRB model.”

NTN’s Reply at 7-8.

NTN, therefore, requests that the Court remand the matter and

instruct Commerce “to accept NTN’s reported COP and CV for

affiliated party inputs.” NTN’s Mem. at 27.

Commerce argues that it reasonably interpreted §§ 1677b(f)(2)

and (f)(3) as requiring it to value a major input purchased from an

affiliated person at the highest of the COP, transfer price or

market price. See Def.’s Mem. at 63-70. Consequently, Commerce

asserts that based on its reasonable interpretation of 19 U.S.C. §§

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. 2572; cf. Ferro Union, Inc. v. United
States (“Ferro”), 23 CIT ___, ___, 44 F. Supp. 2d 1310, 1329 (1999)
(stating that “[o]nce Commerce has determined under 19 U.S.C. §
1677e(a) that it may resort to facts available, it must make
additional findings prior to applying 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) and
drawing an adverse inference”) and (setting forth that Commerce
must clearly articulate: (1) “why it concluded that a party failed
to comply to the best of its ability prior to applying adverse
facts,” and (2) “why the absence of this information is of
significance to the progress of [its] investigation”). Ferro, 23
CIT at ___, 44 F. Supp. 2d at 1331.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 56

1677b(f)(2) and (f)(3) and “upon the record evidence . . . [,]

Commerce determined that [the affiliated supplier’s inputs at

issue] should be valued using market prices . . . [given that]

NTN’s submitted information revealed that ‘the market price of a

retainer generally exceeded [the affiliated supplier’s] COP and

NTN’s submitted transfer price.’” Id. at 66 (citing Def.’s

Confidential Ex. 7 at 24). Commerce further maintains that since

“‘NTN could not explain the difference between the transfer price

and the market price[,]’ . . . Commerce properly rejected NTN’s

submitted transfer price for [the affiliated supplier’s inputs] as

the appropriate valuation for calculating COP and CV.” Def.’s Mem.

at 66-67 (quoting Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2573).

Commerce also argues that it properly used information on the

record to increase the transfer prices of the affiliated supplier’s

inputs that NTN used to calculate COP and CV in order to reflect

market value since “from the record evidence, Commerce was unable

to identify the particular TRB models that contained [the major

inputs at issue].” Def.’s Mem. at 62. Commerce further contends

that its method of applying sample results to all of NTN’s

affiliated party transactions was reasonable because (1) NTN “did

not identify by control numbers the TRB models that contained” the

affiliated supplier’s major inputs in its COP and CV database; and

(2) “Commerce’s adjustment factor was based upon only the portion
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 57

of affiliated party inputs represented by [the affiliated supplier

at issue and therefore] . . . had a limited impact on NTN’s overall

COP and CV calculations.” Id. at 68.

Commerce further notes that NTN’s assertion that Commerce’s

application of the adjustment to all of NTN’s affiliated party

inputs resulted in “double-counted profit . . . is irrelevant.”

Id. at 69. In particular, Commerce asserts that “[f]air market

value and not the affiliated supplier’s profit is the only

pertinent issue for valuation purposes under 19 U.S.C. §§

1677b(b)(f)(2) and (3) . . . [;] [p]rofitable sales do not

determine whether prices charged between affiliated parties reflect

fair market value.” Id. Commerce also notes that even if profit

were relevant, NTN does not provide record evidence that (1) the

affiliated supplier’s inputs made profits on sales to NTN; and (2)

Commerce double-counted profits in Commerce’s adjustment. See

Def.’s Mem. at 69.

Commerce also argues that, contrary to NTN’s assertion that

Commerce could have used a more reasonable method if Commerce’s

adjustment was correct, Commerce used NTN’s reported information

during the administrative review to adjust NTN’s COP and CV. See

id. at 70. Relying on PPG Indus., Inc. v. United States (“PPG”),

14 CIT 522, 532, 746 F. Supp. 119, 129 (1990), Commerce maintains

that “there is no basis for reversing Commerce’s” chosen
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 58

methodology in this instance. Id. (citing PPG, 14 CIT at 532, 746

F. Supp. at 129). Moreover, Commerce asserts that NTN’s argument

that Commerce distorted NTN’s dumping margin is not supported by

record evidence. See id.

Timken agrees with Commerce, noting that Commerce’s adjustment

to NTN’s COP and CV was reasonable and, contrary to NTN’s

assertions, did not result in a distorted antidumping margin. See

Timken’s Resp. at 66. Timken asserts that Commerce’s use of

information available was authorized pursuant to §§ 1677b(f)(2) and

(3) and was within the agency’s discretion since “the statute does

not specify any specific method for selecting information

available.” Id. Moreover, Timken maintains that Commerce’s

application of information available to all sales with related

party inputs . . . [was] reasonably determined . . . [because] the

problem [Commerce] had identified was likely to affect all models

with related party inputs.” Id. at 67.

Timken also asserts that, contrary to NTN’s assertions that §

1677b(f)(3) does not support Commerce’s methodology because many of

NTN’s inputs were not sold below cost and Commerce should have used

an alternative methodology, the language of the statute requires

“Commerce to act when ‘it has reasonable grounds to believe or

suspect that an amount represented as the value of such input is

less than the cost of such input.’” Id. (quoting 19 U.S.C. §
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 59

1677b(f)(3)).

D. Analysis

The Court disagrees with NTN that Commerce erred in valuing

each major input based on the highest of the input’s transfer

price, market price or COP. This Court has consistently

articulated that the plain language of § 1677b(f)(2) and (f)(3), as

well as the legislative history of § 1677b(f)(3), supports

Commerce’s use of the highest of transfer price, market price or

COP in valuing a major input supplied by an affiliated party. See

Viraj Group, Ltd. v. United States, 25 CIT __, 162 F. Supp. 2d 656

(2001); SKF USA, Inc. v. United States, 24 CIT __, __, 116 F. Supp.

2d 1257, 1267 (2000); Mannesmannrohren-Werke AG v. United States

(“Mannesmannrohren-Werke”), 23 CIT __, __, 77 F. Supp. 2d 1302,

1310-12 (1999).

Further, the Court finds that Commerce’s decision to resort to

“facts otherwise available” in valuing NTN’s major inputs was in

accordance with law. The antidumping statute mandates that

Commerce use “facts otherwise available” if “necessary information

is not available on the record” of an antidumping proceeding. 19

U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(1). In addition, Commerce may use facts

available where “an interested party or any other person: (A)

witholds information that has been requested by [Commerce;] (B)
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 60

fails to provide such information by the deadlines for submission

of the information or in the form and manner requested, subject to

[19 U.S.C. §§ 1677m(c)(1), (e);] (C) significantly impedes a

proceeding . . . [; and] (D) provides such information . . . [that]

cannot be verified as provided in section 1677m(i) . . . .” Id. §

1677e(a)(2)(A)-(D).13 Section 1677e(a) provides, however, that the

use of facts available shall be subject to the limitations set

forth in 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d).

Section 1677m (1994), which was enacted as part of the URAA,

is “designed to prevent the unrestrained use of facts available as

to a firm which makes its best effort to cooperate with

[Commerce].” Borden, 22 CIT at 262, 4 F. Supp. 2d at 1245, rev’d

on other grounds, 2001 WL 312232 (Mar. 12, 2001). Section

1677m(d), entitled “deficient submissions,” provides that if

Commerce “determines that a response to a request for information

. . . does not comply with the request, the [agency] . . . shall

promptly inform the person submitting the response of . . . the

deficiency and . . . [provide] that person with an opportunity to

remedy or explain the deficiency.” If the remedial response or

explanation provided by the party is found to be not satisfactory

13
Commerce does not indicate whether it relies on subsection
(1) or (2) of § 1677e(a), the facts available provision. Based on
the parties’ submitted papers, the Court assumes that Commerce used
facts available since “necessary information [was] not available on
the record.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(1).
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 61

or is untimely, Commerce may, subject to § 1677m(e), disregard “all

or part of the original and subsequent responses” in favor of facts

available. 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d).

As noted earlier, Commerce’s initial questionnaire, among

other things, specifically requested that NTN provide (1) “the per-

unit transfer price charged for the input by the affiliated party

(if the affiliated party sells the identical input to other,

unaffiliated purchasers, provide documentation showing the price

paid for the input by the unaffiliated purchaser; if [NTN]

purchases the identical input from unaffiliated suppliers, provide

documentation showing the unaffiliated party’s sales price for the

input)”; and (2) “the basis used by [NTN] to value each major input

for purposes of computing the submitted COP and CV amounts (e.g.,

transfer price, cost of production).” Def.’s Ex. 4.

In response to Commerce’s questionnaire, NTN did: (1)

“submit[] tables that identified its affiliated and unaffiliated

suppliers for a sample of the different major inputs used to

produce TRBs[]” and compared transfer prices to the unaffiliated

supplier’s prices which demonstrated that certain “transfer prices

were lower than [what] NTN’s unaffiliated supplier [charged] for

the same model”; and (2) “specified that [NTN] calculated COP and

CV using transfer prices to value the identified major inputs” and

“created a variable in its COP and CV database, ‘RELPTY,’ that
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 62

identified for each control number, the total percentage of

affiliated party inputs used in producing a particular TRB model.”

Def.’s Mem. at 60-61. According to NTN, “there were no

unaffiliated suppliers of the identical components or services”

that would allow NTN to provide market values for most major

inputs. Id. at 62. However, in its supplemental response, NTN

revised its exhibits and compared “the weighted average transfer

price, the weighted average COP, and, in limited instances, the

market value for major inputs purchased from affiliated suppliers.”

Id. at 61.

Commerce verified NTN’s COP and transfer price responses

regarding the major inputs and for one affiliated supplier’s

inputs, that is, the one affiliated supplier for whom there were

unaffiliated suppliers of identical components or service, Commerce

verified that “the market value was greater than the reported

transfer price and . . . COP.” Id. at 62. Therefore, in the

Preliminary Results, Commerce determined that the appropriate value

for the affiliated supplier’s major inputs was market value since

it was higher in amount than NTN’s transfer price or the affiliated

supplier’s COP. “As noted on page 24 of the June 13, 1997 [C]ost

[V]erification [R]eport, NTN could not explain the difference

between the transfer price and the market price.” Final Results,

63 Fed. Reg. at 2573. Because Commerce was unable to identify from
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 63

the record evidence the particular TRB models that contained the

major inputs at issue, and NTN argues that it fully responded to

Commerce’s request for information on related party inputs,

Commerce’s resort to facts available in order to increase the

transfer prices of the affiliated supplier’s inputs to reflect

market value was appropriate.

NTN’s argument that Commerce could have used a more reasonable

method by calculating “the weighted-average difference between COP

and transfer price for all [the major inputs at issue] sold to NTN”

is without merit. Id. “[Commerce] is given discretion in its

choice of methodology as long as the chosen methodology is

reasonable and [Commerce’s] conclusions are supported by

substantial evidence in the record.” Federal-Mogul Corp. v. United

States, 18 CIT 785, 807-08, 862 F. Supp. 384, 405 (1994) (citing

Ceramica Regiomontana, S.A. v. United States, 10 CIT 399, 404-05,

636 F. Supp. 961, 966 (1986), aff’d, 810 F.2d 1137 (Fed. Cir.

1987)); see also Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. United States, 750

F.2d 927, 936 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (stating that “[the Court’s] role is

limited to deciding whether [Commerce’s] decision is unsupported by

substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance

with law”). After careful examination of the record of this case

and NTN’s assertion that Commerce’s chosen methodology distorted

NTN’s dumping margin, the Court determines that Commerce’s
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 64

methodology of adjusting NTN’s COP and CV was in accordance with

law. Accordingly, the Court finds that Commerce properly resorted

to facts available in adjusting NTN’s COP and CV.

VIII. Commerce’s Exclusion of Certain Home Market Sales
to Affiliated Parties From the Normal Value Calculation

A. Background

During the POR, NTN made home market sales to affiliated and

unaffiliated parties. In order to determine whether NTN’s

affiliated-party sales could be used for purposes of calculating

NV, Commerce conducted its standard arm’s-length test. See Final

Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2580-81. Specifically, Commerce compared

NTN’s home market selling prices to NTN’s affiliated and

unaffiliated parties by using Commerce’s 99.5% arm’s-length test in

which:

[Commerce] calculated, for each model, the percentage
difference between the weighted-average prices to the
affiliated customer and all unaffiliated customers and
then calculated, for each affiliated customer, the
overall weighted-average percentage difference in prices
for all models purchased by the customer. If the overall
weighted-average price ratio for the affiliated customer
was equal to or greater than 99.5 percent, [Commerce]
determined that all sales to this affiliated customer
were at arm’s-length. Conversely, if the ratio for a
customer was less than 99.5percent, [Commerce] determined
that all sales to the affiliated customer were not at
arm’s-length because, on average, the affiliated customer
paid less than unaffiliated customers for the same
merchandise.

Preliminary Results, 62 Fed. Reg. at 47,457. Commerce, in
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 65

accordance with 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(5)(1994) and 19 C.F.R. §

353.45(a) (1996), disregarded all of NTN’s sales to affiliated

parties in its computation of NV because Commerce found that sales

to NTN’s affiliated customers, on average, were lower than NTN’s

prices to unaffiliated customers, that is, sales made to affiliated

parties were not at arm’s length. See id.; see also Final Results,

63 Fed. Reg. at 2580-81.

B. Contentions of the Parties

NTN contends that Commerce erred in applying the arm’s-length

test when it “compare[d] the weighted average price for unrelated

sales to the price for individual related sales.” NTN’s Mem. at

42. To illustrate its contention, NTN provides a hypothetical

example attempting to demonstrate that Commerce’s arm’s-length test

is distortive since it does not compare average price for

affiliated sales to average price for unaffiliated sales or

individual price for affiliated sales to individual price for

unaffiliated sales.14 See id. Alternatively, NTN asserts that,

14
Relying on its hypothetical example, NTN asserts that “NTN
need not use evidence on the record to illustrate that [Commerce’s]
methodology is flawed.” See NTN’s Reply at 11. The Court finds
this argument to be without merit since it is well settled that
record evidence is required to prove distortion of Commerce’s
methodology. See Usinor Sacilor v. United States (“Usinor”), 18
CIT 1155, 1159, 872 F. Supp. 1000, 1004 (1994)(upholding Commerce’s
arm’s-length test as reasonable given the lack of evidence showing
a distortion of price comparability); Torrington Co. v. United
States (“Torrington Co.”), 21 CIT 251, 261, 960 F. Supp. 339, 348
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 66

should Commerce choose to retain its methodology of comparing

individual sales to a weighted average margin, Commerce should

lower the percentage of the arm’s-length test to “95% to reflect

the true range of arm’s-length prices in these transactions and

compensate for the distortive nature of the test.” NTN’s Reply at

11.

NTN also argues that Commerce’s arm’s-length test was

unreasonable since Commerce should have examined factors other than

price in determining whether to include affiliated party sales when

calculating NV. See NTN’s Mem. at 43. Specifically, NTN contends

that Commerce erred in failing to examine: (1) “quantity of goods”;

and (2) “payment terms of specific sales.” Id. According to NTN,

all of these factors influence the price of an affiliated party

transaction and Commerce cannot make meaningful price comparisons

without examining them. See id.

Commerce responds that 19 U.S.C. § 1677b (1994) provides that:

(1997) (stating that the respondent “must do more than indicate a
possible correlation between price and quantity” to support its
argument that Commerce should consider quantity in Commerce’s
arm’s-length test); NTN, 19 CIT at 1241, 905 F. Supp. at 1100
(upholding Commerce’s arm’s-length test as reasonable given the
lack of “record evidence tending to show that, in application,
Commerce’s test was unreasonable”); NSK, 190 F.3d at 1328
(affirming the judgment of the CIT that Commerce’s arm’s-length
methodology was reasonable given respondent’s mere reference to a
hypothetical and lack of record evidence that Commerce’s
methodology was unreasonable).
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 67

[i]f the foreign like product is sold or, in the absence
of sales, offered for sale through an affiliated party,
the prices at which the foreign like product is sold (or
offered for sale) by such affiliated party may be used in
determining normal value.

Def.’s Mem. at 71 (quoting 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(3) [sic] (emphasis

supplied).15

Relying on the language of 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(5), Commerce

argues that it has broad discretion to determine whether sales to

affiliated parties could be used in the calculation of NV since the

language of the statute indicates that Commerce “may, but need not,

base NV upon the price paid by an affiliated party.”16 Def.’s Mem.

at 71. In addition, Commerce points out that the regulation

provides the following:

If a producer or reseller sold such or similar
merchandise to [an affiliated party], [Commerce]
ordinarily will calculate foreign market value based on
that sale only if satisfied that the price is comparable
to the price at which the producer or reseller sold such
or similar merchandise to [an affiliated] person not
related to the seller.

19 C.F.R. § 353.45(a).

15
The Court assumes that Commerce is relying on the language
of 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(5) and not § 1677b(a)(3).
16
Commerce also relies on this Court’s decisions in Usinor, 18
CIT at 1159, 872 F. Supp. at 1004; NTN, 19 CIT at 1241, 905 F.
Supp. at 1100; and NSK Ltd., 21 CIT at 637, 969 F. Supp. at 54, for
the proposition that 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(3) [sic] (1994) “granted
to Commerce broad discretion to determine whether home market sales
to related parties could be used to determine foreign market
value.” See Def.’s Mem. at 71.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 68

Relying on both the statute and regulation, Commerce used its

price-based arm’s-length test to examine the price comparability of

NTN’s home market sales of affiliated and unaffiliated parties.

Def.’s Mem. at 72. Commerce argues that, since: (1) NTN has

“failed to provide record evidence demonstrating that Commerce’s

arm’s-length test distorted the price comparability analysis”; and

(2) NTN failed to prove that Commerce’s arm’s-length test was

unreasonable, Commerce’s use of it’s arm’s-length test was in

accordance with law. Id. at 73-74. Timken supports Commerce’s

contentions. See Timken’s Resp. at 70-71.

C. Analysis

The Court disagrees with NTN that Commerce’s arm’s-length test

is unreasonable. Under the applicable statute, 19 U.S.C. §

1677b(a)(5), Commerce is allowed considerable discretion in

deciding whether to include affiliated party sales when calculating

NV. See Usinor, 18 CIT at 1158, 872 F. Supp. at 1004. This Court

has repeatedly upheld Commerce’s arm’s-length test on the basis

that respondents have failed to present “record evidence tending to

show that . . . Commerce’s test was unreasonable.” NTN, 19 CIT at

1241, 905 F. Supp. at 1100; See Torrington Co., 21 CIT at 261, 960

F. Supp. at 348 (stating that the respondent “must do more than

indicate a possible correlation between price and quantity” to
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 69

support its argument that Commerce should consider quantity in

Commerce’s arm’s-length test); NSK, 190 F.3d at 1328 (affirming the

judgment of the CIT that Commerce’s arm’s-length methodology was

reasonable given respondent’s mere reference to a hypothetical and

lack of record evidence that Commerce’s methodology was

unreasonable). Commerce’s arm’s-length method is reasonable. In

addition, in this case, NTN’s hypothetical example supporting its

assertion that Commerce’s arm’s-length method is distortive and

Commerce should lower the percentage of the arm’s-length test to

95% in determining comparability fails to prove that Commerce’s

test is unreasonable, since it does not constitute record evidence

demonstrating that NTN’s affiliated party prices were comparable to

NTN’s unaffiliated party prices.

The Court has also repeatedly rejected the argument that

Commerce should consider additional factors, that is, factors other

than price, when determining whether sales prices to affiliated and

unaffiliated parties are comparable. The Court finds no basis

under the circumstances of this case to depart from its prior

holdings in NTN Bearing, 24 CIT at ___, 104 F. Supp. 2d at 148, and

NTN, 19 CIT at 1241, 905 F. Supp. at 1099 (disagreeing “with NTN

that Commerce’s arm[’]s-length test is flawed because Commerce did

not take into account certain factors proposed by NTN”).

Accordingly, the Court upholds Commerce’s application of the
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 70

arm’s-length test to exclude certain home market sales to

affiliated parties from the NV calculation as reasonable, in

accordance with law and supported by substantial evidence.

IX. Depreciation of Idle Equipment and Write-Off of Production
Equipment

NTN contends that on line 29717 [sic] of Commerce’s margin

program, Commerce “created a calculation for the depreciation of

idle equipment . . . [that] was previously accounted for in

[Commerce’s] calculation of GNA [sic]”18 expense ratio. NTN’s Mem.

at 46 (citing Ex. “Preliminary Analysis Memorandum”). NTN asserts

that Commerce double-counted NTN’s depreciation of idle equipment

and, thus, distorted NTN’s margin. See id.; see NTN’s Reply at 12.

Therefore, NTN requests to remove the depreciation of idle

equipment calculation from line 297 [sic] of Commerce’s margin

program. See NTN’s Mem. at 46 (citing Ex. “NTN Margin Program”).

Commerce, in turn, argues that it did not double-count NTN’s

depreciation of idle equipment. See Def.’s Mem. at 74. In

particular, Commerce maintains that the depreciation of idle

17
The Court assumes that NTN is disputing line 298 of NTN’s
margin program and not line 297, since line 297 does not contain
any information regarding depreciation of idle equipment. See
NTN’s Mem. at 46 (citing Ex. “NTN Margin Program”).
18
The Court assumes that NTN means the calculation of G&A and
not the calculation of GNA.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 71

equipment and the write-off of production equipment and fixed

property are not the same. See id. at 75. According to Commerce,

although NTN properly included the depreciation of idle equipment

in its G&A ratio, NTN excluded the write-off of production

equipment and fixed property from its calculation of COP and CV.

See id. at 74-75 (citing Confidential Ex. 7 at 26); see also Def.’s

Confidential Ex. 5. Therefore, Commerce argues that its adjustment

to COP and CV to include the write-off of production equipment and

fixed property did not result in double-counting that would distort

NTN’s margin. See Def.’s Mem. at 75.

Timken supports Commerce’s conclusion that NTN’s claim is

without merit. See Timken’s Resp. at 72.19

The Court disagrees with NTN that Commerce double-counted when

it made an adjustment to COP and CV to include the write-off of

production equipment and fixed property. Although NTN included the

depreciation of idle equipment in its G&A expense ratio, it failed

to include the write-off of production equipment and fixed property

19
Timken’s version of NTN’s argument is somewhat different
from Commerce’s. Timken reads NTN’s argument as asserting that
Commerce double-counted when it “adjusted for the depreciation in
its preliminary results analysis memorandum and in the computer
program used to calculate NTN’s margins.” Timken’s Resp. at 72.
Timken misreads NTN’s argument because NTN contends that, on line
297 [sic] of Commerce’s margin program, Commerce “created a
calculation for the depreciation of idle equipment . . . [that] was
previously accounted for in [Commerce’s] calculation of GNA [sic].”
NTN’s Mem. at 46.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 72

in its calculation of COP and CV. Depreciation of idle equipment

and write-off, that is, loss on disposal, of production equipment

and fixed property are not the same. See OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY

ONLINE (2nd ed. 1989) (stating that depreciation means to “lower in

value, lessen the value of” whereas write-off means “worthless

asset”); see also NTN Bearing Corp. v. United States, 74 F.3d 1204,

1206 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (holding that Commerce’s “inclu[sion] [of]

depreciation expenses and disposal losses [that is, write-offs] in

calculating cost of production and constructed value . . . is

supported by substantial evidence and in accordance with law”).

Therefore, this Court sustains Commerce’s adjustment to COP and CV

to include the write-off of production equipment and fixed assets.

X. NTN’s Zero-Priced United States Transactions and NTN’s Home-
Market Sample Sales in NTN’s Margin Calculation

A. NTN’s Zero-Priced United States Transactions

NTN argues that in light of NSK Ltd. v. United States (“NSK

1997"), 115 F.3d 965 (Fed. Cir. 1997), the Court should remand the

matter to Commerce to exclude NTN’s zero-priced samples from its

margin calculations. See NTN’s Mem. at 44; NTN’s Reply at 12. NTN

maintains that United States transactions at zero value, such as

“samples . . . provided for testing, evaluating, and to determine

whether or not to buy a particular product[,]” do not constitute

true sales and, therefore, should be excluded from the margin
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 73

calculations pursuant to NSK 1997. NTN’s Reply at 12.

Commerce and Timken assert that Commerce properly included

NTN’s zero-priced United States sales when calculating NTN’s

dumping margin because NTN failed to demonstrate that the

transactions in question lacked “consideration” as defined by NSK

1997, and that further factual inquiry was necessary. See Def.’s

Mem. at 75-81; Timken’s Resp. at 71. Therefore, Commerce and

Timken assert that, since NTN did not meet its burden of providing

information necessary to prove that “sales were outside of the

ordinary course of trade,” the Court should affirm Commerce’s

inclusion of NTN’s zero-priced sales in NTN’s dumping margin.

Def.’s Mem. at 81; see Timken’s Resp. at 71.

Pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1673(1) (1994), Commerce is required

to impose antidumping duties upon merchandise that “is being, or is

likely to be, sold in the United States at less than its fair

value.” A zero-priced transaction does not qualify as a “sale”

and, therefore, by definition cannot be included in Commerce’s NV

calculation. See NSK 1997, 115 F.3d at 975 (holding “that the term

‘sold’ . . . requires both a transfer of ownership to an unrelated

party and consideration”). Thus, the distribution of TRBs for no

consideration falls outside the purview of 19 U.S.C. § 1673 (1994).

Consequently, the Court remands to Commerce to exclude any

transactions that were not supported by consideration from NTN’s
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 74

United States sales database and to adjust the dumping margins

accordingly.

B. NTN’s Home Market Sample Sales

1. Background

Commerce is required to base its NV calculation upon “the

price at which the foreign like product is first sold . . . in the

ordinary course of trade . . . .” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(1)(B)(i).

In NSK 1997, 115 F.3d 965, the CAFC concluded that “the term ‘sold’

. . . requires both a transfer of ownership to an unrelated party

and consideration.” NSK 1997, 115 F.3d at 975. The CAFC

specifically determined that the samples NSK had given to potential

customers at no charge and with no obligation lacked consideration.

See id. Moreover, the CAFC found that “[b]ecause NSK’s [free]

samples did not constitute ‘sales,’ they should not have been

included in calculating United States price.” Id.

During this review, Commerce sent a questionnaire “requir[ing]

all respondents to identify any transactions . . . which they

claimed involved sample or prototype sales” and further requested,

that respondents:

[d]escribe [their] agreement(s) for sales in the United
States and the foreign market (e.g., long-term purchase
contract, short-term purchase contract, purchase order,
order confirmation). Provide a copy of each type of
agreement and all sales-related documentation generated
in the sales process (including the purchase order,
internal and external order confirmation, invoice, and
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 75

shipping and export documentation) for a sample sale in
the foreign market and U.S. market during the POR.

Def.’s Mem. at 77 (quoting Section A of NTN’s Questionnaire at 5-

6).

Commerce further provided NTN with a questionnaire “relating

to reporting data on sales outside the ordinary course of trade,”

and explained that:

[i]f [NTN] consider[s] a sale to be outside the ordinary
course of trade, report “YES” in this field. If the sale
was in the ordinary course of trade, report a “NO.” If
[NTN] claim[s] that any of its home market sales are
outside the ordinary course of trade [NTN] must provide
a detailed explanation why. Please note that the burden
of proof is on respondents to demonstrate, through
narrative explanation of the circumstances surrounding
such sales and supporting documentation or other
evidence, that sales claimed to be outside the ordinary
course of trade are in fact outside the ordinary course
of trade. [Commerce] will not consider only one factor in
isolation (i.e., the fact that certain sales are labeled
as samples, or that a transaction involved small
quantities or high prices) as sufficient proof that a
sale is not in the ordinary course of trade.

Def.’s Mem. at 77-78 (quoting Section B of NTN’s Questionnaire at

B-14).

NTN responded to Commerce’s questionnaires by marking sample

sale transactions with an “S” and providing a chart of profit

levels to demonstrate that sales were outside of the ordinary

course of trade. See Def.’s Mem. at 78. In turn, Commerce sent a

supplemental questionnaire to NTN requesting clarification as to

NTN’s original response, that is, “what [NTN] was attempting to
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 76

establish in [a particular NTN exhibit], and to provide a detailed

explanation of . . . [the] exhibit.” Id. NTN responded to

Commerce’s supplemental questionnaire by explaining the profit

charts it provided in its original response. Commerce stated that

“NTN’s response relying upon profit levels to demonstrate that

sales were outside of the ordinary course of trade does not address

the factors considered important in NSK 1997, i.e., whether there

was any transfer of ownership or consideration given for the

samples.” Id. at 81. Moreover, Commerce determined that NTN

failed to provide “information demonstrating that [NTN’s] alleged

home market sample sales were outside the ordinary course of

trade.” Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2582. Therefore, for the

final results, Commerce included NTN’s home market sample sales in

NTN’s final dumping margin calculation. See Def.’s Mem. at 82.

2. Contentions of the Parties

NTN argues that Commerce erred when it failed to exclude NTN’s

sample sales and other sales from Commerce’s margin calculations,

despite what NTN considers to be sufficient evidence on record

indicating that these transactions were outside of the ordinary

course of trade. See NTN’s Mem. at 44-46; NTN’s Reply at 13-14.

In particular, NTN asserts that the evidence on the record

includes: (1) NTN’s questionnaire response stating that “‘[s]amples

are provided to customers for the purpose of allowing the customer
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 77

to determine whether a particular product is suited to the

customer’s needs[;]’” (2) NTN’s sample sales tracking system in

which sample sales are identified by placing “SS” “in the prefix to

the order number[;]” and (3) an NTN submitted exhibit which

provides a profit chart and identifies sample sales with unusual

profits that NTN considers outside of the ordinary course of trade.

NTN’s Reply at 13-14. Therefore, NTN claims that it provided

Commerce with “‘the greatest profit level in the range of profits

at which the most quantity of the subject merchandise [was] sold’”

(hereinafter “X”) and requested that Commerce “treat any sale with

a profit level greater than [X] as not being in the ordinary course

of trade.” NTN’s Reply at 14. Moreover, NTN maintains that 19

U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(1)(B), the SAA, regulation 19 C.F.R. § 351.102(b)

(1998) and NSK 1997, 115 F.3d 965, clearly instruct Commerce to

exclude NTN’s sample sales or other sales from the margin

calculations. See NTN’s Mem. at 45-46; NTN’s Reply at 13-14.

Commerce alleges that it properly exercised its discretion in

rejecting NTN’s argument that Commerce must exclude NTN’s home

market sample sales or other sales because NTN failed to adequately

show that home market sample sales and other sales lacked

consideration or were otherwise outside of the ordinary course of

trade. See Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2582. Commerce asserts

that “only NTN possessed the information regarding the purchase
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 78

history of its alleged samples, including the price and quantity

for any prior or subsequent purchases of these products by the same

or other customers” and since NTN withheld that information, NTN

failed to meet its burden to show that it received no consideration

for the alleged sample sales at issue. Def.’s Mem. at 81.

Further, Commerce contends that NTN cannot be excused from

responding to the agency’s questions because NTN considers certain

information irrelevant. See id. Commerce claims that it, not NTN,

determines the relevancy of Commerce’s questions. See id.

Therefore, Commerce argues that its decision to include NTN’s

alleged sample sales in calculating NTN’s dumping margin is based

upon substantial evidence and in accordance with law. See id. at

81-82.

Timken supports Commerce’s decision to include NTN’s sample

sales in calculating NTN’s dumping margin because Commerce found

that: (1) “there [was] no record evidence demonstrating that any of

NTN’s home market sales, samples, or otherwise [were] outside the

ordinary course of trade[;] and (2) consideration was paid for all

of [NTN’s] sample sales.” Timken Resp. at 72.

3. Analysis

An NV calculation has to be based upon “the price at which the

foreign like product is first sold . . . in the ordinary course of

trade . . . .” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(1)(B)(i). The term “ordinary
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 79

course of trade” is defined as:

the conditions and practices which, for a reasonable time
prior to the exportation of the subject merchandise, have
been normal in the trade under consideration with respect
to merchandise of the same class or kind. [Commerce]
shall consider the following sales and transactions,
among others, to be outside the ordinary course of trade:

(A) Sales disregarded under section 1677b(b)(1) of
this title.

(B) Transactions disregarded under section
1677b(f)(2) of this title.

19 U.S.C. § 1677(15) (1994) (emphasis supplied).

Section 1677b(b)(1) deals with sales below cost of production.

Section 1677b(f)(2) deals with sales to affiliated parties.

Therefore, Commerce must consider below cost sales and sales

between related parties as sales outside the ordinary course of

trade. Although § 1677b(b)(1)’s sales below cost of production and

§ 1677b(f)(2)’s affiliated party transactions are specifically

designated as outside the ordinary course of trade, the “among

others” language of § 1677(15) clearly indicates that other types

of sales could be excluded as being outside the ordinary course of

trade.20 Commerce “may consider sales or transactions to be outside

20
The SAA, accompanying the URAA provides that aside from §§
1677b(b)(1) and (f)(2) transactions:

Commerce may consider other types of sales or
transactions to be outside the ordinary course of trade
when such sales or transactions have characteristics
that are not ordinary as compared to sales or
transactions generally made in the same market. Examples
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 80

the ordinary course of trade if [Commerce] determines, based on an

evaluation of all of the circumstances particular to the sales in

question, that such sales or transactions have characteristics that

are extraordinary for the market in question.” 19 C.F.R. §

351.102(b) (emphasis supplied). Examples of what could be

considered outside the ordinary course of trade include: (1) off-

quality merchandise; (2) merchandise produced according to unusual

product specifications; (3) merchandise sold at aberrational prices

or with abnormally high profits; (4) merchandise sold pursuant to

unusual terms of sale; or (5) merchandise sold to an affiliated

party not at an arm’s-length transaction. See 19 C.F.R. §

351.102(b).

In determining whether a sale is outside the ordinary course

of such sales or transactions include merchandise
produced according to unusual product specifications,
merchandise sold at aberrational prices, or merchandise
sold pursuant to unusual terms of sale. As under
existing law, amended section 771(15) does not establish
an exhaustive list, but the Administration intends that
Commerce will interpret section 771(15) in a manner which
will avoid basing normal value on sales which are
extraordinary for the market in question, particularly
when the use of such sales would lead to irrational or
unrepresentative results.

H.R. Doc. 103-316, at 834 (emphasis supplied).

The SAA also provides that “[o]ther examples of sales that
Commerce could consider to be outside the ordinary course of trade
include sales of off-quality merchandise, sales to related parties
at non-arm’s length prices, and sales with abnormally high
profits.” Id. at 839-40.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 81

of trade, Commerce must consider not just “one factor taken in

isolation but rather . . . all the circumstances particular to the

sales in question.” Murata Mfg. Co. v. United States, 17 CIT 259,

264, 820 F. Supp. 603, 607 (1993). Commerce’s methodology for

making this determination is codified in section 351.102(b) of

Commerce’s regulations. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.102(b); see

also Torrington Co. v. United States (“Torrington”), 25 CIT ___,

___, 146 F. Supp. 2d 845, 861-64 (2001) (detailing Commerce’s

methodology for deciding when sales are outside the “ordinary

course of trade” and finding both Commerce’s interpretation of 19

U.S.C. § 1677(15) and Commerce’s methodology reasonable). In

addition, plaintiff has the burden of proving whether the sales

used in Commerce’s calculations are outside the ordinary course of

trade. See, e.g., Nachi-Fujikoshi Corp. v. United States, 16 CIT

606, 608, 798 F. Supp. 716, 718 (1992) (citing Koyo Seiko Co. v.

United States (“Koyo”), 16 CIT 539, 543, 796 F. Supp. 1526, 1530

(1992), vacated in part on other grounds, (“Koyo 1992"), 806 F.

Supp. 1008 (1992).

Adhering to the explanation provided by this Court in

Torrington, 25 CIT __, 146 F. Supp. 2d 845, the Court finds that in

light of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(15)’s legislative purpose, Commerce’s

interpretation of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(15) and exercise of its

discretion by requiring additional evidence besides NTN’s response
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 82

relying upon profit levels to demonstrate that sales were outside

of the ordinary course of trade, that is, whether there was any

transfer of ownership or consideration given for the samples, was

reasonable. NTN was or should have been aware of such a

requirement. See NTN Bearing, 24 CIT ___, 104 F. Supp. 2d 110

(holding that Commerce’s request to NTN for additional evidence

demonstrating that sales were outside of the ordinary course of

trade was not an unreasonable exercise of Commerce’s discretion);

see also NTN, 19 CIT at 1229, 905 F. Supp. at 1091 (finding that

“[w]ithout a complete explanation of the facts which establish the

extraordinary circumstances rendering particular sales outside the

ordinary course of trade, Commerce cannot exclude those sales from

[NV]”).

In the case at bar, NTN failed to meet its burden of providing

Commerce with requested additional detailed information regarding

sales that NTN claimed were outside the ordinary course of trade.

NTN merely relied on: (1) its questionnaire response in which NTN

stated that “‘[s]amples are provided to customers for the purpose

of allowing the customer to determine whether a particular product

is suited to the customer’s needs[;]21’” and (2) its submitted

exhibit in which NTN provides a profit chart and identifies sample

21
NTN identified its sample sales by placing “SS” “in the
prefix to the order number.” NTN’s Reply at 13.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 83

sales with unusual profits that it considers are outside of the

ordinary course of trade in order to support NTN’s argument that

its sample sales should be excluded from Commerce’s margin

calculation. NTN’s Reply at 13-14. NTN’s identification of its

sales as samples does not necessarily render those sales as being

outside of the ordinary course of trade. See NTN, 19 CIT at 1229,

905 F. Supp. at 1091. In addition, “[t]he presence of profits

higher than those of other sales[,] [that is, sales with unusual

profits,] is, however, merely an element which does not necessarily

place the sales outside the ordinary course of trade under

Commerce’s requirement for additional evidence.” Torrington, 25

CIT at __, 146 F. Supp. 2d at 863. Therefore, because Commerce’s

interpretation and application of the statute was reasonable and

the record reflects that NTN did not provide sufficient additional

evidence requested by Commerce to support NTN’s claim that the

disputed sales were outside the ordinary course of trade, Commerce

was justified in its decision to include NTN’s sample and other

sales in Commerce’s margin calculation.

XI. Commerce’s Adjustment to NTN’s Total Billing Adjustment in
the Home Market

A. Background

For the POR at issue, NTN reported home market billing

adjustments in its questionnaire response submitted to Commerce.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 84

See Def.’s Mem. at 82. In the final results, Commerce stated:

[Commerce] thoroughly verified NTN’s reported home market
volume and value for the POR. As [Commerce’s]
verification report indicates, it was necessary for
[Commerce] to reconcile the volume and value NTN reported
in its response to its Ministry of Finance (MOF) reports.
As part of this reconciliation [Commerce] examined an
adjustment NTN made for its total HM billing adjustments
for the POR (see Department’s Home Market Verification
Report for NTN, July 9, 1997, exhibit [3])(NTN HM
Report).22 Not only did [Commerce] successfully trace
this total to the computer program NTN used to calculate
it, but [Commerce] also traced NTN’s reported volume and
value for the POR for its home market sales directly to
the MOF report with no discrepancies (see NTN HM Report
at 6). [Commerce] also verified NTN’s reported,
transaction-specific home market billing adjustments by
examining a variety of sales documentation in the sales
trace portion of [Commerce’s] verification (see NTN HM
Report at 17). Again [Commerce] found no discrepancies.
As a result of both verification exercises, one would
assume that NTN’s reported home market billing
adjustments were accurate and that the total of its
transaction-specific billing adjustments for the POR
would equal the total reported on exhibit [3] of
[Commerce’s] [V]erification [R]eport.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2563.

After verification, however, “Timken identified a discrepancy

between the billing adjustment NTN reported in its questionnaire

response and the amount Commerce determined through verification.”

Def.’s Mem. at 82. Commerce, therefore, in its review of NTN’s

questionnaire responses, calculated the overall total of NTN’s

22
NTN’s Home Market Verification Report is partially in
Commerce’s Confidential Exhibit 10. Although Commerce indicates in
that exhibit that it will supplement the Home Market Verification
Report, no such supplement has been made.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 85

reported home market billing adjustment and found that it was

significantly different from the total billing adjustment Commerce

determined at verification in exhibit 3 of NTN’s HM Report.

See Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2563; Def.’s Mem. at 82.

Commerce then proceeded to determine a more accurate total billing

adjustment and discovered that “the total billing adjustment amount

that [Commerce] had verified as part of the reconciliation for

quantity and value reflected the accurate total adjustment” because

exhibit 3’s total was more traceable to NTN’s Ministry of Finance

(“MOF”) reports. Def.’s Mem. at 83; see Final Results, 63 Fed.

Reg. 2563. While Commerce had verified NTN’s reported transaction-

specific billing adjustment, Commerce considered the verification

to be merely a “spot check,” that is, Commerce’s examination of

selected billing adjustments that left a possibility that many of

NTN’s other transaction-specific billing adjustments were

inaccurate. See Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. 2563. Commerce,

therefore, explained its methodology stating:

having determined that the exhibit [3] total billing
adjustment amount is the accurate figure, [Commerce]
ha[s] adjusted NTN’s reported transaction-specific
billing adjustments to reflect this total. . . .
[B]ecause the record provides no information as to which
transaction-specific billing adjustments are accurate,
and because NTN has neither explained this discrepancy
nor provided [Commerce] with any information with respect
to the correction of this discrepancy in its reported
data, [Commerce] ha[s] relied on facts available to
correct NTN’s reported home market billing adjustments.
Because [Commerce] [is] unable to identify which billing
adjustments are inaccurate, as facts available,
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 86

[Commerce] systematically sorted through NTN’s raw home
market database and totaled the reported per-sale billing
adjustments until [Commerce] arrived at a total equal to
[Commerce’s] calculated adjustment. [Commerce] then
adjusted these sales’ billing adjustments such that they
reflected the total in exhibit [3] and disallowed the
rest of NTN’s reported billing adjustments.

Id.

B. Contentions of the Parties

NTN argues that Commerce erred when it used facts available

to: (1) correct NTN’s reported billing adjustment data; and (2)

“substitut[e] [Commerce’s] adjusted figures for verified, accurate

data presented by [NTN].” NTN’s Reply at 15; see NTN’s Mem. at 13-

14. In particular, NTN maintains that since Commerce verified

NTN’s reported transaction-specific billing adjustments and found

no discrepancies, there is no basis under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e for

Commerce to use facts available. See NTN’s Mem. at 14. NTN also

contends that “substituting [Commerce’s] adjusted figures for

verified, accurate data presented by a party is [not only] contrary

to . . . 19 U.S.C. § 1677e, [but also contrary] to 19 C.F.R. §

351.308 [1998] [and] . . . the express language of the SAA.” NTN’s

Reply at 15. Therefore, NTN requests that this Court remand to

Commerce to use NTN’s reported and verified data for the total

billing adjustment in the home market. See id.; NTN’s Mem. at 15.

Commerce responds that although it verified NTN’s reported

transaction-specific home market billing adjustments and found no
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 87

discrepancies, Commerce only “spot-checked,” that is, examined a

sample of NTN’s reported billing adjustments, and it is therefore

possible that many of NTN’s other transaction-specific billing

adjustments that Commerce did not select during verification are

inaccurate. See Def.’s Mem. at 83. Commerce maintains that this

is particularly true considering that the total of all of NTN’s

billing adjustments do not match the total from exhibit 3, that is,

the total billing adjustment Commerce determined at verification.

See id.

Commerce also asserts that, despite the errors contained in

NTN’s questionnaire response, Commerce had to use questionnaire

response data, that is, “[Commerce] had to make adjustments in the

data so that the data from the questionnaire response would not

exceed the total billing adjustment determined at verification,” to

calculate NTN’s dumping margin. Id. at 83-84. In particular,

Commerce argues, that since it could not identify the inaccurate

billing adjustments, “as facts available, Commerce systematically

sorted through NTN’s raw home market data base and totaled the

reported per-sale billing adjustments until Commerce arrived at a

total equal to the verified total adjustment[] . . . [and] then

adjusted the billing adjustments for the examined sales to reflect

the total determined at verification and disallowed the rest of

NTN’s reported billing adjustments.” Id. at 84. Therefore,
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 88

Commerce requests that since it relied upon verified figures, that

is, Commerce relied upon its verified total billing expense in

exhibit 3, the Court should sustain its adjustment to NTN’s

reported billing adjustment as supported by the record and in

accordance with law.

Timken agrees with Commerce and argues that since Commerce

determined that NTN’s transaction-specific billing adjustments were

inaccurate, NTN’s assertion that Commerce wrongfully rejected

verified data is without merit. See Timken Resp. at 58. Timken

also asserts that Commerce acted in accordance with 19 U.S.C. §

1677e(a)(2)(D) when it used facts available in place of

unverifiable data to make an adjustment to NTN’s reported billing

adjustment. See id.

C. Analysis

The antidumping statute mandates that Commerce use facts

available if “an interested party or any other person . . .

provides . . . information but the information cannot be verified

as provided in section 1677m(i) . . . .” 19 U.S.C. §

1677e(a)(2)(D)(1998).23 Section 1677e(a) provides that the use of

23
Section 1677m(i) provides that:
[Commerce] shall verify all information relied upon in
making--
(1) a final determination in an investigation,
(2) a revocation under section 1675(d) of this title,
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 89

facts available shall be subject to the limitations set forth in 19

U.S.C. § 1677m(d).

Commerce’s decision to use facts available to adjust NTN’s

reported billing adjustments to reflect the total billing

adjustment determined by Commerce at verification was supported by

substantial evidence and in accordance with law. According to

Micron Tech., Inc. v. United States (“Micron Tech.”), 117 F.3d

1386, 1395 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (citing Antifriction Bearings (Other

than Tapered Roller Bearings) and Parts Thereof from the Federal

Republic of Germany, 56 Fed. Reg. 31,692, 31,707 (July 11, 1991)),

[v]erification depends precisely on tying amounts
reported in questionnaire responses to the company’s
internal accounting records and financial statements.
Failure to demonstrate such a relationship results in a
failed verification.

“‘[A] verification is a spot check and is not intended to be an

exhaustive examination of the respondent's business. [Commerce]

has considerable latitude in picking and choosing which items it

will examine in detail.’” PMC Specialties Group, Inc. v. United

and
(3) a final determination in a review under section
1675(a) of this title, if--
(A) verification is timely requested by an
interested party as defined in section 1677(9)(C), (D),
(E), (F), or (G) of this title, and
(B) no verification was made under this subparagraph
during the 2 immediately preceding reviews and
determinations under section 1675(a) of this title of the
same order, finding, or notice, except that this clause
shall not apply if good cause for verification is shown.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 90

States (“PMC”), 20 CIT 1130, 1134 (1996) (quoting Monsanto Co. v.

United States (“Monsanto”), 12 CIT 937, 944, 698 F. Supp. 275, 281

(1988)). In fact, “Commerce enjoys 'wide latitude' in its

verification procedures.” Pohang Iron and Steel Co. v. United

States (“Pohang”), 1999 Ct. Intl. Trade LEXIS 105, *1, Slip. Op.

99-112 (October 20, 1999); see also American Alloys, Inc. v. United

States (“American Alloys”), 30 F.3d 1469, 1475 (Fed. Cir. 1994);

Carlisle Tire and Rubber Co. v. United States (“Carlisle”), 9 CIT

520, 532, 622 F. Supp. 1071, 1082 (1985) (“It is within the

discretion of Commerce to determine how to verify” and “due

deference will be given to the expertise of the agency”). NTN may

not usurp Commerce's role as fact finder and substitute their

analysis of the data for the result reached by Commerce. The Court

“will not supersede Commerce's conclusions so long as it ‘applies

a reasonable standard to verify material submitted and the

verification is supported by such relevant evidence as a reasonable

mind might accept.’” Pohang, 1999 Ct. Intl. Trade LEXIS 105, *55,

Slip. Op. 99-112 (quoting AK Steel Corp. v. United States, 22 CIT

1070, 1091, 34 F. Supp. 2d 756, 772-73 (1998)).

In this case, NTN reported home market billing adjustments in

its questionnaire response submitted to Commerce. Commerce, in

turn, acting within the “wide latitude” of discretion allowed to

Commerce, performed two verifications: (1) “reconcil[ing] the
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 91

volume and value NTN reported in its response to [NTN’s] MOF

reports” to arrive at a total billing adjustment which Commerce

refers to as exhibit 3 of NTN’s HM Report; and (2) “verified NTN’s

reported, transaction-specific home market billing adjustments by

examining a variety of sales documentation,” that is, Commerce

“spot checked” a select few of NTN’s reported transaction-specific

billing adjustments. Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. 2563. After the

verifications, Commerce, acting upon Timken’s identification of a

discrepancy, reviewed NTN’s questionnaire response by taking the

overall total of NTN’s reported home market billing adjustment and

compared it to the total billing adjustment Commerce determined at

verification in exhibit 3 of NTN’s HM Report. See id. Commerce

found that NTN’s total reported home market billing adjustment was

significantly different from Commerce’s verified total billing

adjustment in exhibit 3 of NTN’s HM Report. See id. Since

Commerce determined that its verified total billing adjustment in

exhibit 3 was more traceable to NTN’s MOF reports than NTN’s

reported transfer-specific total billing adjustment, Commerce

concluded that NTN’s other transaction-specific billing adjustments

that Commerce did not select during verification were inaccurate.

See id. In addition, the record did not provide any information as

to which transaction-specific billing adjustments were inaccurate

and NTN never explained the discrepancy nor provided Commerce with

information as to the correction of this discrepancy at issue.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 92

Therefore, since: (1) NTN’s transaction-specific billing

adjustments (that were not selected during Commerce’s verification)

were inaccurate; and (2) Commerce cannot identify which

transaction-specific billing adjustments are inaccurate, this Court

finds that Commerce’s use of facts available is in accordance with

19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(D).24

Accordingly, the Court sustains Commerce’s adjustment to NTN’s

reported billing adjustment as reasonable, in accordance with law

and supported by substantial evidence.

XII. Use of Affiliated Supplier Cost Data for Inputs Obtained From
the Affiliated Supplier for All Purposes

A. Statutory Background

Normal value of the subject merchandise is defined, in

24
The Court does not agree with NTN’s assertion that the
substitution of Commerce’s adjustment to NTN’s billing adjustment
“for verified, accurate data presented by [NTN] . . . is contrary
to . . . 19 U.S.C. § 1677e, . . . 19 C.F.R. § 351.308 . . . [and]
the express language of the SAA.” NTN’s Reply at 15. Commerce
verified: (1) a few samples of NTN’s reported transaction-specific
billing adjustments; and (2) a total billing adjustment that
Commerce arrived at while reconciling the volume and value NTN
reported in its response to its MOF, that is, what Commerce refers
to as the total in exhibit 3 of NTN’s HM Report. After
verification, Commerce found that the other transaction-specific
billing adjustments that Commerce did not select during
verification were inaccurate. Moreover, Commerce could not
identify which of these transaction-specific billing adjustments
were inaccurate. Therefore, Commerce properly resorted to facts
available since NTN provided information, that is, NTN’s reported
transaction-specific billing adjustments, that could not be
verified.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 93

pertinent part, as “the price at which the foreign like product is

first sold . . . for consumption in the exporting country . . . .”

19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(1)(B)(i). However, whenever Commerce has

“reasonable grounds to believe or suspect” that sales of the

foreign like product under consideration for the determination of

NV have been made at prices which represent less than the COP of

that product, Commerce shall determine whether such sales were made

at less than the COP. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(b)(1). If Commerce

determines that there are sales below the COP and certain

conditions are present under § 1677b(b)(1)(A)-(B), it may disregard

such below-cost sales in the determination of NV. See 19 U.S.C. §

1677b(b)(1).

Additionally, the special rules for the calculation of COP or

CV contained in 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f)(2)-(3) provide that, in a

transaction between affiliated parties, as defined in 19 U.S.C. §

1677(33), Commerce may disregard either the transaction or the

value of a major input.

Section 1677b(f)(2) provides that Commerce may disregard an

affiliated party transaction when “the amount representing [the

transaction or transfer price] does not fairly reflect the amount

usually reflected in sales of merchandise under consideration in

the market under consideration,” that is, an arms-length or market

price. 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f)(2) (“fair-value” provision). If such
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 94

“a transaction is disregarded . . . and no other transactions are

available for consideration,” Commerce shall value the cost of an

affiliated-party input “based on the information available as to

what the amount would have been if the transaction had occurred

between persons who are not affiliated,” that is, based on arm’s-

length or market value. Id.

One of the elements of value to be considered in the

calculation of COP, which is referred to in section 1677b(f)(2), is

the cost of manufacturing and fabrication. See 19 U.S.C. §

1677b(b)(3)(A).

Section 1677b(f)(3)’s “major input rule” states that Commerce

may calculate the value of the major input on the basis of the data

available regarding COP, if such COP exceeds the market value of

the input calculated under § 1677b(f)(2). See 19 U.S.C. §

1677b(f)(3). Commerce, however, may rely on the data available

only if: (1) a transaction between affiliated parties involves the

production by one of such parties of a “major input” to the

merchandise produced by the other, and, in addition, (2) Commerce

has “reasonable grounds to believe or suspect” that the amount

reported as the value of such input is below the COP. 19 U.S.C. §

1677b(f)(3). For purposes of § 1677b(f)(3), regulation 19 C.F.R.

§ 351.407(b) (1998) provides that Commerce will value a major input

supplied by an affiliated party based on the highest of (1) the
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 95

actual transfer price for the input; (2) the market value of the

input; or (3) the COP of the input. See also Mannesmannrohren-

Werke, 23 CIT at ___, 77 F. Supp. 2d at 1312 (holding that 19

U.S.C. §§ 1677b(f)(2) and (3), as well as the legislative

history of the major input rule, support Commerce’s decision to use

the highest of transfer price, cost of production, or market value

to value the major inputs that the producer purchased from the

affiliated supplier).

Thus, paragraphs (2) and (3) of 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f) authorize

Commerce, in calculating COP and CV, to do the following: (1)

disregard a transaction between affiliated parties if, in the case

of any element of value that is required to be considered, the

amount representing that element does not fairly reflect the amount

usually reflected in sales of merchandise under consideration in

the market under consideration; and (2) determine the value of the

major input on the basis of the information available regarding COP

if Commerce has reasonable grounds to believe or suspect that an

amount represented as the value of the input is less than its COP.

See Timken, 21 CIT at 1327-28, 989 F. Supp. at 246 (holding that

Commerce may disregard transfer price for inputs purchased from

related suppliers pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2), the

predecessor to 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f)(2), if the transfer price or

any element of value does not reflect its normal value and citing
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 96

NSK Ltd. v. United States, 19 CIT 1319, 1323-26, 910 F. Supp. 663,

668-70 (1995), aff’d, 119 F.3d 16 (Fed. Cir. 1997)).

B. Factual Background

During the POR at issue, Commerce, “pursuant to 19 U.S.C. §

1677b(f), . . . requested [that] NSK . . . submit affiliated

supplier cost data for inputs [NSK] obtained from the affiliated

supplier.” Def.’s Mem. at 88. Commerce, as the statute directs,

then proceeded to use the affiliated supplier cost data to

calculate NSK’s COP and CV. See id. However, during the

administrative review, Commerce also:

substituted affiliated-party cost data [for NTN’s
reported transfer prices] when it determined whether the
foreign like product was commercially comparable to each
U.S. model, when it calculated a difference-in
merchandise (difmer) adjustment for non-identical U.S.
and home market matches, and when it recalculated NSK’s
reported U.S. inventory carrying costs prior to deducting
this expense from CEP.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. 2573.

Explaining its methodology, Commerce stated that:

in accordance with section [1677b(f)] of the Act,
[Commerce] recalculated NSK’s reported TRB-specific COP
and CV to include the COP of an affiliated-party input if
the transfer price NSK reported for that input was less
than the COP for that input. [Commerce] note[s] that COP
and CV are composed of several components. The
adjustment [Commerce] made for NSK’s affiliated-party
inputs is actually an adjustment to its reported material
costs. Because material costs are a component of the
variable cost of manufacture (VCOM) and the total cost of
manufacture (TCOM), and these in turn are components of
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 97

COP and CV, when [Commerce] adjusted NSK’s reported
material costs [Commerce] not only recalculated its COP
and CV, but [Commerce] effectively recalculated VCOM and
TCOM components of COP and CV as well.

Id. at 2574.

Therefore, as a result, Commerce resorted to using affiliated

supplier cost data for purposes other than calculating COP and CV

and explained:

[Commerce] does not rely on a respondent’s reported costs
solely for the calculation of COP and CV. [Commerce] also
use[s] cost information in a variety of other aspects of
[Commerce’s] margin calculations. For example, when
determining the commercial comparability of the foreign
like product in accordance with section [1677(16)] of the
Act, it has been [Commerce’s] long-standing practice to
rely on the product-specific VCOMs and TCOMs for U.S. and
home market merchandise. Likewise, when calculating a
difmer adjustment to NV in accordance with section
[1677b(a)(6)] of the Act, it has been [Commerce’s]
consistent policy to calculate the adjustment as the
difference between the product-specific VCOMs for the
U.S. and home market merchandise compared . . . .
Furthermore, [Commerce] has permitted respondents to
calculate their reported [inventory carrying costs] on
the basis of TCOM.

Id.

C. Contentions of the Parties

NSK asserts that the plain language of 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f) and

legislative history restrict Commerce’s use of affiliated supplier

cost data in that “Commerce may substitute . . . affiliated supplier

cost data[] for affiliated supplier price data,” that is, transfer

prices between affiliates, only “‘[f]or purposes of subsections (b)
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 98

and (e)’” of § 1677b(f). NSK’s Mem. at 7 (quoting 19 U.S.C. §

1677b(f)). In particular, NSK argues that Commerce violated the law

when it used NSK’s affiliated supplier cost data to: (1) run its

model match methodology under 19 U.S.C. § 1677(16); (2) calculate

the difmer adjustment under 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(6); and (3)

recalculate NSK’s reported United States inventory carrying costs

prior to deducting this expense from CEP pursuant to 19 U.S.C. §

1677a(d). See NSK’s Mem. at 8-12; NSK’s Reply at 2-6.

NSK also argues that, pursuant to Ad Hoc Comm. of AZ-NM-TX-FL

Producers of Gray Portland Cement v. United States, 13 F.3d 398, 401

(Fed. Cir. 1994),

the Court must presume [that 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f)] means
that Commerce may use data gathered pursuant to
subsection [§ 1677b(f)] for calculations involving
subsections [§§ 1677b(b) and (e)] only. That other
sections of the statute - specifically subsections
[1677(16), 1677b(a)(6), 1677a(d)] - are silent about the
use of affiliated supplier cost data does not nullify the
precise language of subsection [1677b(f)].

NSK’s Mem. at 8-9.

NSK further asserts that § 1677b(f)’s restriction on the use

of affiliated supplier cost data applies to all of the provisions

of the antidumping law that is, especially, §§ 1677(16), 1677b(a)(6)

and 1677a(d) because there are no statements to the contrary. See

id. at 9-10 (citing Yankee Atomic Elec. Co. v. United States

(“Yankee”), 112 F.3d 1569, 1576 (Fed. Cir. 1997)). Therefore, NSK
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 99

requests Commerce “to rerun the model match methodology, and

recalculate the difmer adjustment and U.S. inventory carrying costs,

without regard to affiliated supplier cost data collected” pursuant

to subsections § 1677b(f)(2) and § 1677b(f)(3). NSK’s Mem. at 11-

12.

Commerce alleges that 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f) does not restrict

the use of affiliated supplier cost data to calculating COP and CV

since Commerce requires cost data for other purposes.25 See Def.’s

Mem. at 86-91. Commerce argues that §§ 1677(16), 1677a(a)(6)26

[sic] and 1677a(d) do not prohibit Commerce from using affiliated

supplier cost data. See id. at 89. Moreover, Commerce alleges

that §§ 1677(16), 1677b(a)(6) and 1677a(d) grant Commerce

discretion. See id. at 90. In particular, Commerce points out

that:

Section [1677(16)] does not specify a particular

25
As stated above, in the Final Results, Commerce explains how
material costs are a component of VCOM and TCOM which in turn, are
both components of COP and CV. See Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at
2574. Therefore, when Commerce adjusted NSK’s reported material
costs, it not only calculated COP and CV, but also recalculated
VCOM and TCOM. See id. In turn, since Commerce relies upon VCOM
and/or TCOM in running its model match, calculating the difmer
adjustment and inventory carrying costs, Commerce asserts that its
use of affiliated supplier cost data for purposes other than the
calculation of COP and CV was reasonable and in accordance with
law. See id.

26
The Court assumes that Commerce is referring to 19 U.S.C.
§ 1677b(a)(6) and not 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a)(6).
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 100

methodology for determining appropriate matches. Rather,
the statute implicitly delegates the selection of an
appropriate methodology to [Commerce].

. . . Likewise, section [1677b(a)(6)] grants
[Commerce] the same discretion to determine a suitable
method to calculate a difmer adjustment and does not
restrict [Commerce’s] selection of an appropriate
methodology to any particular approach. In addition,
with respect to [Commerce’s] recalculation of NSK’s U.S.
[inventory carrying costs], section [1677a(d)] only
specifies what adjustments are to be made to determine
CEP and does not provide details regarding the precise
calculations for each particular adjustment.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2574-75.

[I]f [Commerce] determine[s] a component of a
respondent’s COP and CV is distortive for one aspect of
[Commerce’s] analysis, it is reasonable to make the same
determination with respect to those other aspects of
[Commerce’s] margin calculations where [Commerce] relied
on identical cost data. To do otherwise would not only
produce distortive results but would be contrary to
[Commerce’s] mandate to administer the dumping laws as
accurately as possible.

Id. at 2574.

Commerce further argues that the plain language of § 1677b(f)

does not prohibit the use of affiliated supplier cost data for

purposes other than the calculation of COP and CV because “Congress

has [not] directly spoken on the precise question at issue.” Def.’s

Mem. at 89. In sum, Commerce maintains that the use of affiliated

supplier cost data is not restricted only to the calculation of COP

and CV. Rather, Commerce asserts that it has been afforded

discretion to use cost data for other purposes. See id. at 89-90.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 101

Commerce, in response to NSK argues that its use of affiliated

supplier cost data for purposes other than the calculation of COP

and CV not only produced a harmonious whole but also indicated

Commerce’s observing and understanding of the statute as a whole.

Therefore, Commerce requests that the Court sustain its use of

affiliated supplier cost data for purposes other than calculating

COP and CV as in accordance with law.

Timken agrees with Commerce and asserts that NSK’s arguments

are not supported by the statute. See Timken’s Resp. at 53. In

particular, Timken argues that the term: (1) “for purposes of this

part” in § 1677b(b)(3) means “[t]he part of the statute referred to

[a]s ‘Part IV General Provisions’ and includes 19 U.S.C. § 1677

through § 1677n [(1994)]” and, therefore “[t]he three provisions for

which Commerce has used NSK’s modified costs are all contained

within this part;” and (2) “this subtitle” in § 1677b(e) “includes

§ 1671 [(1994)] through § 1677n . . . [and] the three provisions for

which Commerce has used modified costs are included within these.”

Id. Timken also maintains that the respective statues for running

the model match, calculating the difmer adjustment and inventory

carrying costs do not contain any language on how Commerce is to

calculate costs.27 See id. at 54. Pointing out that Commerce has

27
NSK argues that “[w]hile the statute views affiliated
supplier transactions with caution as regards COP and CV
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 102

discretion to “employ cost information obtained from [NSK] to make

all of these determinations,” Timken asserts that Commerce’s use of

affiliated supplier cost data for purposes other than the

calculation of COP and CV was in accordance with law. Id.

D. Analysis

In resolving questions of statutory interpretation, the

Chevron test requires this Court first to determine whether

“Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue,”

that is, whether the plain meaning of the statute’s text answers the

question. Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842. If the language of the statute

is clear, then this Court must defer to Congressional intent. See

id. at 842-43. If the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect

to the specific issue and the legislative history of the statute

doesn’t clarify the issue, the question for the Court is whether

Commerce’s construction of the statute is permissible. See id. at

843. Essentially, this is an inquiry into the reasonableness of

Commerce’s interpretation. See Fujitsu Gen. Ltd. v. United States,

calculations, this does not mean these transactions should be
replaced whenever Commerce uses cost to assist in the measurement
of non-cost variables. For example, . . . the difmer adjustment
measures differences between merchandise, not differences in cost.”
NSK’s Reply at 4-5. NSK further argues that Congress knew ‘[t]he
question of affiliation is relevant to a number of price and cost
issues in an antidumping investigation or review,’ but nevertheless
confined Commerce’s ability to collect and use affiliated supplier
cost data just to COP and CV calculations.” Id. (quoting H.R. Doc.
103-316, at 838).
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 103

88 F.3d 1034, 1038 (Fed. Cir. 1996). Provided Commerce has acted

rationally, the Court may not substitute its judgment for the

agency’s. See IPSCO, 965 F.2d at 1061; see also Koyo Seiko Co. v.

United States (“Koyo CAFC”), 36 F.3d 1565, 1570 (Fed. Cir. 1994)

(holding that “a court must defer to an agency’s reasonable

interpretation of a statute even if the court might have preferred

another”). “In determining whether Commerce’s interpretation is

reasonable, the Court considers, among other factors, the express

terms of the provisions at issue, the objectives of those provisions

and the objectives of the antidumping scheme as a whole.”

Mitsubishi Heavy Indus., Ltd. v. United States, 22 CIT 541, 545, 15

F. Supp. 2d 807, 813 (1998).

In the case at bar, the issue before the Court is whether

Commerce can use affiliated supplier cost data obtained pursuant to

19 U.S.C. § 1677b(f) for purposes other than the calculation of COP

and CV. In particular, the Court must determine whether Commerce’s

use of affiliated supplier cost data to: (1) run its model match

methodology under 19 U.S.C. § 1677(16); (2) calculate the difmer

adjustment under 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(6); and (3) recalculate NSK’s

reported United States inventory carrying costs prior to deducting

this expense from CEP pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d) was in

accordance with law. Because the plain language of §§ 1677(16),

1677b(a)(6) and 1677a(d) is silent with respect to the specifics of
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 104

Commerce’s use of affiliated supplier cost data obtained from §

1677b(f), see §§ 1677(16), 1677b(a)(6) and 1677a(d), and because

neither the statutory language nor the legislative history of §

1677(16), § 1677b(a)(6) and § 1677a(d) explicitly establish that

Commerce cannot use affiliated supplier cost data when running the

model-match methodology, calculating the difmer adjustment and

recalculating inventory carrying costs prior to deducting this

expense from CEP, the Court must proceed to determine whether

Commerce’s interpretation of the statute is reasonable and in

accordance with its legislative purpose. See Chevron, 467 U.S. at

843.

Congress has: (1) implicitly delegated authority to Commerce

to select an appropriate methodology for determining appropriate

matches under § 1677(16); (2) granted Commerce discretion to

determine a suitable method to calculate a difmer adjustment

pursuant to § 1677b(a)(6); and (3) omitted to provide details

regarding the precise calculations for each particular adjustment

that Commerce makes with respect to the recalculation of inventory

carrying costs under § 1677a(d). See §§ 1677(16), 1677b(a)(6) and

1677a(d); see also Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2574; Koyo Seiko

Co. v. United States, 66 F.3d 1204, 1209 (Fed. Cir. 1995),

(“Congress has implicitly delegated authority to Commerce to

determine and apply a model-match methodology necessary to yield
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 105

‘such or similar’ merchandise [that is, what is now referred to as

“foreign like product”] under [§ 1677(16)]”).

In the Final Results, Commerce explained its use of affiliated

supplier cost data for running its model match methodology,

calculating the difmer adjustment and recalculating NSK’s inventory

carrying costs as follows:

[t]he adjustment [Commerce] made for NSK’s affiliated-
party inputs is actually an adjustment to its reported
material costs. Because material costs are a component
of . . . VCOM and . . . TCOM, and these in turn are
components of COP and CV, when [Commerce] adjusted NSK’s
reported material costs [Commerce] not only recalculated
[NSK’s] COP and CV, but [Commerce] effectively
recalculated VCOM and TCOM components of COP and CV as
well.

. . . [Commerce] does not rely on a respondent’s
reported costs solely for the calculation of COP and CV.
[Commerce] also use[s] cost information in a variety of
other aspects of [Commerce’s] margin calculations. For
example, when determining the commercial comparability of
the foreign like product in accordance with section
[1677(16)] . . . , it has been our long-standing practice
to rely on the product-specific VCOMs and TCOMs for U.S.
and home market merchandise. Likewise, when calculating
a difmer adjustment to NV in accordance with section
[1677b(a)(6)] . . . , it has been [Commerce’s] consistent
policy to calculate the adjustment as the difference
between the product-specific VCOMs for the U.S. and home
market merchandise compared . . . . Furthermore,
[Commerce] ha[s] permitted respondents to calculate their
reported [inventory carrying costs] on the basis of TCOM.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2574.

Commerce further states:

[I]f [Commerce] determine[s] a component of a
respondent’s COP and CV is distortive for one aspect of
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 106

[Commerce’s] analysis, it is reasonable to make the same
determination with respect to those other aspects of
[Commerce’s] margin calculations where [Commerce] relied
on the identical cost data. To do otherwise would not
only produce distortive results but would be contrary to
[Commerce’s] mandate to administer the dumping laws as
accurately as possible.

Id.

The Court also holds that § 1677b(f) does not restrict the use

of affiliated supplier cost data to purposes other than calculating

COP and CV. Although the SAA provides in relevant part that

“[u]nder the existing statute [that is, §§ 1677b(f)(2) and (3)],

these provisions literally apply only to the calculation of

constructed value . . . [and] cost of production[,] . . .” the Court

finds that it would be anamolous to interpret this language as

implying that Congress’ intention was to prohibit Commerce from

using affiliated supplier cost data for other purposes. H.R. Doc.

103-316, at 838-39. “When construing an act of Congress, and

especially when determining the essential characteristic of a

particular statute, we must observe and understand the statute as

a whole.” Yankee, 112 F.3d at 1576 (quoting Richards v. United

States, 369 U.S. 1, 11, 82 S.Ct. 585, 7 L.Ed. 2d. 492 (1962), that

states that a Court “believe[s] it fundamental that a section of a

statute should not be read in isolation from the context of the

whole Act”; In re Nantucket, Inc., 677 F.2d 95, 98 (CCPA 1982), that

states that “[e]ach part or section of a statute should be construed
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 107

in connection with every other part or section so as to produce a

harmonious whole, and it is not proper to confine interpretation to

the one section to be construed”). The statute, read as a whole,

does not show Congressional intent to restrict the use of affiliated

supplier cost data solely to COP and CV calculations and in effect,

tie the hands of Commerce while parties could distort dumping

margins with impunity. Commerce has an overriding mandate to

calculate accurate dumping margins. See Bowe-Passat v. United

States (“Bowe”), 17 CIT 335, 340 (1993). Based on the foregoing,

the Court finds that Commerce’s use of affiliated supplier cost data

for purposes other than the calculation of COP and CV is reasonable

and in accordance with law.

XIII. Commerce’s Denial of a Partial Price-Based LOT Adjustment
to NV for CEP Sales

A. Background

During this review, Commerce applied a CEP offset under 19

U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(7)(B) to NV for all of NSK’s CEP sales. See

Def.’s Mem. at 91. In reaching this result, “Commerce first

determined that for NSK there was one CEP LOT and two home market

LOTs, [that is,] original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) and

aftermarket (“AM”), and that the CEP LOT was not the same as either

home market LOT.” See id. Commerce found that “because NSK lacked

home market sales at a LOT equal to NSK’s CEP sales, there was no
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 108

information on the record that would enable Commerce to quantify the

price differences between the CEP LOT and either of the two NV

levels, i.e., OEM and AM.” Id. Commerce also determined it lacked

the information that provides an appropriate basis for determining

a level-of-trade adjustment. Id. For NSK’s CEP sales, Commerce

“determined that a CEP offset adjustment [pursuant to §

1677b(a)(7)(B)] was appropriate for all of the NV transactions that

were matched to CEP, because these NV transactions were at a more

advanced stage of distribution than the CEP transactions.”28 Id.

Contrary to NSK’s contentions, Commerce concluded that no provision

of the antidumping statute provides for a “partial” LOT adjustment

“between two home market LOTs where neither level is equivalent to

the LOT of the U.S. sale.” Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2578.

B. Contentions of the Parties

NSK agrees with the manner in which Commerce determined the LOT

of its CEP for NV transactions. See NSK’s Mem. at 18. In

particular, NSK agrees that Commerce properly used the CEP as

adjusted for § 1677a(d) expenses prior to its LOT analysis. NSK,

however, argues that Commerce should have granted it a “partial”

28
According to Commerce, “[a] CEP offset is made only when the
LOT of the home market sale is more advanced than the LOT of the
CEP sale and there is not an appropriate basis for determining
whether there is an effect on price comparability.” Final Results,
63 Fed. Reg. at 2577.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 109

price-based LOT adjustment. See id. at 19.

NSK first notes that Commerce found two LOTs in the home

market, one corresponding to OEM sales and the other to AM sales.

See id. NSK also agrees that when Commerce matched CEP sales to

home market OEM sales, Commerce correctly applied a CEP offset

because there was no basis for quantifying a price-based LOT

adjustment for CEP to OEM NV matches. See id. Further, NSK notes

that “Commerce correctly concluded that there was no record

information that would allow Commerce to quantify the downward price

adjustment to adjust fully the AM NV [LOT] to the CEP [LOT].” Id.

NSK however disagrees with Commerce’s decision to apply a CEP offset

when Commerce matched CEP sales to home market AM sales. See id.

In these situations, NSK argues, § 1677b(a)(7)(A) and the SAA direct

Commerce to calculate a partial price-based LOT adjustment to NV for

CEP sales measured by the price differences between OEM and AM LOTs.

See id. at 19-20.

NSK notes that the statute directs Commerce to adjust NV for

any difference between CEP and NV “wholly or partly” due to a

difference in LOT between CEP and NV. Id. at 19 (citing §

1677b(a)(7)(A)). NSK also points out that § 1677b(a)(7)(B)

indicates that a CEP offset should only be used in the total absence

of price-based LOT adjustments. See NSK’s Mem. at 19. Accordingly,

NSK claims that since there was evidence for quantifying price
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 110

differences between OEM and AM LOTs, Commerce’s failure to calculate

a price-based LOT adjustment that partly accounted for such LOT

differences violated the plain language of § 1677b(a)(7)(A). See

NSK’s Reply at 10.

Commerce argues that it properly denied a partial LOT

adjustment and applied a CEP offset to NV for all of NSK’s CEP

transactions. See Def.’s Mem. at 91-101. Contrary to NSK’s reading

of § 1677b(a)(7)(A), Commerce asserts that the statute only provides

for an LOT price-based adjustment to NV based upon price differences

in the home market between the CEP LOT and NV LOT when the

differences can be quantified. See id. at 98-99. Commerce claims

that the statute does not authorize an LOT price-based adjustment

based upon different LOTs in the home market when the price

difference between the CEP LOT sales and the home market LOT sales

cannot be quantified. See id. at 91, 96-99; see also Final Results,

63 Fed. Reg. at 2578 (explaining that Commerce does not read into

§ 1677b(a)(7)(A)’s “wholly or partly” language the authority to make

an LOT adjustment based on differences between two home market LOTs

where neither level is equivalent to the level of the United States

sale).

Timken agrees with Commerce’s positions, emphasizing that

Commerce: (1) properly denied an LOT adjustment for NSK’s CEP sales;

and (2) reasonably interpreted § 1677b(a)(7)(A) as not providing for
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 111

a “partial” LOT adjustment as contended by NSK. See Timken’s Resp.

at 55-56.

C. Analysis

This issue has already been decided in NTN Bearing, 24 CIT at

___, 104 F. Supp. 2d at 127-31. As this Court explained in NTN

Bearing, Commerce’s decision to deny NSK a partial price-based LOT

adjustment measured by price differences between home market OEM and

AM sales was in accordance with law. There is no indication in §

1677b(a)(7)(A) that the pattern of price differences between two

LOTs in the home market, absent a CEP LOT in the home market,

justifies an LOT adjustment. Rather, Commerce’s interpretation of

§ 1677b(a)(7)(A) as only providing an LOT adjustment based upon

price differences in the home market between the CEP LOT and the NV

LOT was reasonable, especially in light of the existence of the CEP

offset to cover situations such as those at issue here.

XIV. Commerce’s Calculation of CEP for Further-Manufactured
Merchandise and Its Application of Facts Available

A. Background

An antidumping duty is imposed upon imported merchandise when:

(1) Commerce determines such merchandise is being dumped, that is,

sold or likely to be sold in the United States at less than fair

value; and (2) the International Trade Commission determines that
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 112

an industry in the United States is materially injured or is

threatened with material injury. See 19 U.S.C. § 1673; 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677(34) (1994). To determine whether there is dumping, Commerce

compares the price of the imported merchandise in the United States

to the NV for the same or similar merchandise in the home market.

See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b (1994). The price in the United States is

calculated using either an export price or constructed export price.

See 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a), (b); see also, H.R. Doc. No. 103-316, at

822 (Commerce will classify the price of a United States sales

transaction as a CEP “[i]f, before or after the time of importation,

the first sale to an unaffiliated person is made by (or for the

account of) the producer or exporter or by a seller in the United

States who is affiliated with the producer or exporter”); AK Steel

Corp. v. United States, 226 F.3d 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (discussing

when to apply EP or CEP methodology).

Commerce must reduce the price used to establish CEP by any of

the following amounts associated with economic activities occurring

in the United States: (1) commissions paid in “selling the subject

merchandise in the United States”; (2) direct selling expenses, that

is, “expenses that result from, and bear a direct relationship to,

the sale, such as credit expenses, guarantees and warranties”; (3)

“any selling expenses that the seller pays on behalf of the

purchaser” (assumptions); (4) indirect selling expenses, that is,
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 113

any selling expenses not deducted under any of the first three

categories of deductions; (5) certain expenses resulting from

further manufacture or assembly (including additional material and

labor) performed on the merchandise after its importation into the

United States; and (6) profit allocated to the expenses described

in categories (1) through (5). 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d)(1)-(3); see

H.R. Doc. 103-316, at 823-24.

Commerce calculates the expenses resulting from further

manufacture or assembly using one of two statutory methods. See 19

U.S.C. § 1677a(d), (e). The first method provides that Commerce

shall reduce “the price used to establish constructed export price

[by] . . . the cost of any further manufacture or assembly

(including additional material and labor), except in [certain]

circumstances.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d)(2). When the first method

does not apply, Commerce applies a special rule for merchandise with

value added after importation (“Special Rule”). See 19 U.S.C. §

1677a(e) (1994). The Special Rule provides that:

[w]here the subject merchandise is imported by a person
affiliated with the exporter or producer, and the value
added in the United States by the affiliated person is
likely to exceed substantially the value of the subject
merchandise, [Commerce] shall determine the constructed
export price for such merchandise by using one of the
following prices if there is a sufficient quantity of
sales to provide a reasonable basis for comparison and
[Commerce] determines that the use of such sales is
appropriate:

(1) The price of identical subject merchandise sold by
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 114

the exporter or producer to an unaffiliated person.

(2) The price of other subject merchandise sold by
the exporter or producer to an unaffiliated person.

If there is not a sufficient quantity of sales to provide
a reasonable basis for comparison under paragraph (1) or
(2), or [Commerce] determines that neither of the prices
described in such paragraphs is appropriate, then the
constructed export price may be determined on any other
reasonable basis.

19 U.S.C. § 1677a(e).

On January 29, 1997, Koyo requested that Commerce apply the

Special Rule pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(e) for certain of Koyo’s

imported bearings and bearing parts further manufactured in the

United States prior to being sold to an unaffiliated customer. See

Koyo’s Mem. Ex. 1. Moreover, Koyo requested that Commerce exempt

it from completing a certain section of Commerce’s questionnaire

that required Koyo to report sales and cost data information for its

further manufactured sales. See id. Although Commerce notified

Koyo on February 18, 1997, that Koyo was not currently required to

respond to the particular section of the questionnaire, Commerce

also cautioned Koyo by stating “this information is subject to

verification and may be required for future submission.” Koyo’s

Mem. Ex. 2. Commerce then, in the Final Results, determined that:

the record does not lead [Commerce] to conclude that the
use of either of the two alternative methods described in
section [1677a(e)(1) and (2)] with respect to Koyo’s
further-manufactured subject merchandise is appropriate.
The record indicates that Koyo’s U.S. sales of further-
manufactured subject merchandise represented a large
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 115

portion of its total U.S. sales of subject merchandise
during the POR. Therefore, the use of either of the
proxy methods in this case–-where the proportion of
further-manufactured sales is relatively high–-would have
a relatively high potential for inaccuracy. In addition,
as noted in [Commerce’s] preliminary results, the
finished merchandise sold by Koyo to the first unrelated
U.S. customer was still in the same class or kind as
merchandise within the scope of the TRB order and finding
(i.e., imported TRB components were processed into TRBs).
As a result, the calculation of the precise amount of
cost of further manufacturing would not be nearly as
burdensome as it would be for . . . another respondent
who imported TRBs for incorporation in automobiles.
Furthermore, in prior reviews [Commerce has] calculated
margins for Koyo’s further-processed sales and ha[s]
extensive experience with and knowledge of Koyo’s
further-manufactured sales and the calculation of the
cost of further manufacturing in the United States with
respect to these sales. Therefore, in this case Commerce
ha[s] determined that for Koyo the relatively small
reduction of burden on Commerce that would result from
resorting to either of the two statutory proxy methods
under the [S]pecial [R]ule is outweighed by the potential
distortion and losses in accuracy as a consequence of
their use. Accordingly, Commerce ha[s] rejected the use
of either of the two proxies as inappropriate and ha[s]
sought to calculate the CEP for Koyo’s further
manufactured sales using another reasonable basis.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2561.

As another reasonable method, Commerce chose its standard

methodology under § 1677a(d)(2) to calculate the CEP of Koyo’s

further manufactured merchandise and found that this methodology was

not only not burdensome but also “presented a higher probability of

accurate results than using margins calculated for non-further-

manufactured sales.” Def.’s Mem. at 103-104 (citing Final Results,

63 Fed. Reg. at 2561). Accordingly, Commerce requested that Koyo
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 116

provide Commerce with responses to the particular section of the

questionnaire. See Koyo’s Mem. Ex. 3. Koyo refused to submit

responses to the particular section and proposed that Commerce, as

an alternative methodology, apply the margins on finished products

to the further-manufactured products. See Koyo’s Mem. Exs. 4, 6.

In particular, Koyo proposed

that [Commerce] instead of evaluating whether the margins
for finished over 4 [inch] A-588-604 bearings were an
appropriate surrogate for A-588-604 further-manufactured
merchandise, could have used the margins it calculated
for under 4 [inch] A-588-054 bearings as a proxy for that
A-588-604 merchandise which was further processed into
under 4 [inch] bearings, and the margins calculated for
over 4 [inch] bearings as a proxy for that A-588-604
merchandise which was further processed into over 4
[inch] bearings.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2562.

Koyo alternatively proposed that Commerce could have

“compare[d] the value of all finished bearings [0-4 inch A-588-604

TRBs and over 4 inch A-588-604 TRBs] to the value of all further-

processed components [that is, 0-4 inch A-588-054 further-

manufactured TRBs and over 4 inch A-588-604 further-manufactured

TRBs].” Koyo’s Mem. at 26-27. Commerce responded that:

[w]hile Koyo’s proposal would be less burdensome than the
use of the standard methodology, [Commerce] believe[s]
that the standard methodology is not unduly burdensome
and presents a higher probability of accurate results
than using margins calculated for non-further-
manufactured sales. Among other things, Koyo’s proposal
relies on information concerning a different class or
kind of merchandise and therefore in this case does not
sufficiently allay concerns about potential inaccuracy.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 117

The record indicates that the use of these proxy methods
would have a relatively high potential for distortion;
[Commerce] believe[s] that the gains in accuracy that
[Commerce] would achieve using the standard methodology
would outweigh the additional burden resulting from the
use of the standard calculation. The record supports
[Commerce’s] continued use of the standard methodology as
a reasonable basis for calculating the CEP for Koyo’s
further-manufactured merchandise.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2562.

Therefore, since Koyo refused to respond to the particular

section, Commerce, pursuant to § 1677e(b), “selected as adverse

facts available the highest rate ever calculated for Koyo in any

previous review of the TRBs at issue . . . [and applied this] rate

. . . to the total entered value of Koyo’s further-manufactured

sales” to calculate the CEP of Koyo’s further-manufactured

merchandise. Def.’s Mem. at 108 (citing Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg.

at 2562).

B. Contentions of the Parties

1. Koyo’s Contentions

Koyo and Commerce both agree that “Koyo met the ‘substantially

exceeds’ qualification29 for implementation of the [S]pecial [R]ule”

under § 1677a(e). Koyo’s Mem. at 19 (citing Final Results, 63 Fed.

29
The “substantially exceeds” qualification is met when “the
value added in the United States by the affiliated person is likely
to exceed substantially the value of the [imported] merchandise.”
19 U.S.C. § 1677a(e).
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 118

Reg. at 2561). Koyo does not argue that Commerce erred in not

selecting one of the two proxies under § 1677a(e). See Koyo’s Mem.

at 17. Koyo, however contends that Commerce erred in using, as

another “reasonable basis,” its standard methodology pursuant to §

1677a(d) to calculate Koyo’s further-manufactured merchandise. See

id. at 20-26. In particular, Koyo argues that Commerce’s use of its

standard methodology, that is, “a full-blown further manufacturing

analysis violates both the letter and the intent of the statute.”

Id. at 27. Koyo, therefore, maintains that since the Special Rule

under § 1677a(e) applies in this case, Commerce cannot employ as an

“other reasonable basis” under § 1677a(e) its standard methodology

pursuant to § 1677a(d) to calculate Koyo’s further manufactured

merchandise.30 See id. at 28.

Rather, Koyo asserts that Commerce should have used Koyo’s

proposed methodology to calculate the CEP of Koyo’s further-

manufactured merchandise. See Koyo’s Mem. at 19-27. In particular,

Koyo proposed that:

instead of evaluating whether the margins calculated on
the finished over 4 [inch A-588-604] TRBs were an
appropriate proxy for the margins on imported bearing
parts destined to become both 0-4 [inch A-588-604] TRBs
and over 4 [inch A-588-604] TRBs, [Commerce] should have
looked to the margins on finished 0-4 [inch A-588-054]
TRBs as a proxy for parts further manufactured into 0-4

30
Koyo argues that “any other reasonable basis [under §
1677a(e)] cannot include a reversion to the full further processing
methodology.” Koyo’s Reply at 19.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 119

[inch A-588-604] TRBs, and the margins on finished over
4 [inch A-588-604] as a proxy for parts further
manufactured into over 4 [inch A-588-604] TRBs.

Id. at 22. Koyo maintains that “[s]uch a comparison conforms

closely with the statutory preference for relying on ‘identical

subject merchandise,’ 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(e)(1), or, as a second

choice, ‘other subject merchandise,’ 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(e)(2), as a

proxy for the further manufactured parts.” Id. at 22-23. Koyo

further asserts that its proposed methodology would: (1) be less

burdensome than Commerce’s selected standard methodology; (2) not

cause the possible high level of distortion in the antidumping

margin as Commerce alleges. See id. at 23-26.

Koyo also proposed an alternative methodology to its proposed

methodology. See id. at 26. In particular, Koyo alleges that

Commerce could have “compare[d] the value of all finished bearings

[0-4 inch A-588-604 TRBs and over 4 inch A-588-604 TRBs] to the

value of all further-processed components [that is, 0-4 inch A-588-

054 further-manufactured TRBs and over 4 inch A-588-604 further-

manufactured TRBs].” Id. Koyo maintains that this proposed

methodology would qualify as “another reasonable basis” pursuant to

§ 1677a(e). See id. at 27. Furthermore, Koyo asserts that

regardless of which of its two proposed methodology Commerce were

to follow, there is nothing on the record that the proposed

methodologies would not provide for accurate dumping margins or
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 120

would not reduce the burden on Commerce to perform a standard

further-manufactured merchandise analysis. Id.

Koyo also contends that Commerce unlawfully applied adverse

facts available to Koyo’s further-manufactured merchandise. See

Koyo’s Reply at 18-22. Koyo asserts that because the statutory

language under § 1677a(d)(2) provides that “the price used to

establish [CEP] shall . . . be reduced by . . . the cost of any

further manufacture or assembly (including additional material and

labor), except in circumstances described in subsection(e) of this

section,” Commerce cannot revert to § 1677a(d)(2) and deduct the

cost of further manufacture and assembly, that is, perform a full-

blown further manufacturing analysis. Id. at 19 (quoting §

1677a(d)(2)) (emphasis supplied). Therefore, Koyo maintains that

Commerce acted unlawfully by applying adverse facts available and

had no authority to demand that Koyo provide responses to the

particular section of the questionnaire. See Koyo’s Reply at 19.

Koyo alternatively argues that “if the statute did accord

[Commerce] the discretion to resort to the traditional further

processing analysis despite the fact that the criteria for the

‘[S]pecial [R]ule’ are satisfied . . . , [Commerce’s] justification

for doing so in this case is without support on the record.” Id.

at 20. In particular, Koyo argues that Commerce did not provide any

record evidence or support for its proposition that Koyo’s proposed
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 121

alternative methodologies for calculating the CEP of Koyo’s further-

manufactured merchandise would be distortive. See id. at 20-22.

Moreover, Koyo asserts that Commerce’s denial of Koyo’s proposed

alternative methods on the basis of them being distortive is not

supported by substantial evidence. See id. at 22. Koyo, therefore,

requests that this Court remand to Commerce with instructions “not

to apply the standard further manufacturing analysis under §

1677a(d)(2) to calculate Koyo’s margins, nor to apply adverse facts

available in response to Koyo’s failure to submit a response to [the

particular section] of the questionnaire.” Koyo’s Mem. at 29.

Finally, Koyo maintains if the Court finds that Commerce had

the authority to apply adverse facts available to Koyo’s further-

manufactured merchandise, then the Court should sustain Commerce’s

application of adverse facts available to entered value rather than

sales value of the finished TRBs as Timken argues Commerce should

have used. See Koyo’s Mem. Resp. Timken’s Mot. J. Agency R.

(“Koyo’s Resp.”) at 16-22. In particular, Koyo asserts that

Commerce acted within 19 U.S.C. § 1677e when it “appl[ied] the facts

available margin rate to [Koyo’s] entered value . . .” and

Commerce’s approach is more reasonable than Timken’s suggested

approach of applying the adverse facts available margin rate to

Koyo’s sales value because Commerce’s “methodology . . . was both

reasonable and bore ‘a rational relationship to the [subject] matter
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 122

at issue[,]’” id. at 18 (quoting Koenig & Bauer-Albert AG v. United

States, 22 CIT 574, 584, 15 F. Supp. 2d 834, 846 (1998)), vacated

in part on other grounds, 259 F.3d 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Koyo

further alleges that

Timken’s approach would result in the application of the
dumping margin to manufacturing that took place in the
United States, that is, to U.S. value-added. It would
violate the premise of the antidumping law to apply
duties to the value of U.S. manufacturing rather than the
value of imported merchandise. The entire purpose of
[Commerce’s] further-manufacturing exercise is to “back
out” the value added in the United States to find the
“value” of the imported subject merchandise. Because the
subject merchandise in this case was forgings, and
because the statue does not contemplate imposing
antidumping duties on manufacturing done in the United
States, [Commerce’s] reliance on the entered value of
forgings rather than the sales value of finished bearings
incorporating significant U.S. value-added, was
reasonable and rationally related to the task at hand.

Koyo’s Resp. at 19-20.

Koyo further contends that Timken’s arguments that Commerce

erred in not calculating the highest potential uncollected dumping

duties possible and the unreliability of transfer prices (that is,

Koyo’s entered value of imported forgings) are without merit.

Id. at 20-22. Therefore, Koyo maintains that “to the extent that

any application of adverse facts available was appropriate in this

case,” the Court should affirm Commerce’s methodology as reasonable

and in accordance with law. Id. at 22.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 123

2. Commerce’s Contentions

Commerce contends that Congress has granted to Commerce broad

discretion in determining when the use of “any other reasonable

basis” under § 1677a(e) is appropriate. Def.’s Mem. at 105-08.

Commerce maintains that “[n]either the statute nor the SAA prohibits

Commerce from using the more burdensome standard [§ 1677a] (d)(2)

methodology as an alternative reasonable method where the agency

finds that neither alternative under [§§ 1677a](e)(1) or (e)(2) is

appropriate.” Id. at 107. In this case, Commerce determined that

the record does not lead [Commerce] to conclude that the
use of either of the two alternative methods described in
section [1677a(e)(1) and (2)] with respect to Koyo’s
further-manufactured merchandise is appropriate. The
record indicates that Koyo’s U.S. sales of further-
manufactured subject merchandise represented a large
portion of its total U.S. sales of subject merchandise
during the POR. Therefore, the use of either of the
proxy methods in this case–-where the proportion of
further-manufactured sales is relatively high–-would have
a relatively high potential for inaccuracy. In addition,
as noted in [Commerce’s] preliminary results, the
finished merchandise sold by Koyo to the first unrelated
U.S. customer was still in the same class or kind as
merchandise within the scope of the TRB order and finding
(i.e., imported TRB components were processed into TRBs).
As a result, the calculation of the precise amount of
cost of further manufacturing would not be nearly as
burdensome as it would be for . . . another respondent
who imported TRBs for incorporation in automobiles.
Furthermore, in prior reviews [Commerce has] calculated
margins for Koyo’s further processed sales and ha[s]
extensive experience with and knowledge of Koyo’s
further-manufactured sales and the calculation of the
cost of further manufacturing in the United States with
respect to these sales. Therefore, in this case
[Commerce has] determined that for Koyo the relatively
small reduction of burden on [Commerce] that would result
from resorting to either of the two statutory proxy
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 124

methods under the [S]pecial [R]ule is outweighed by the
potential distortion and losses in accuracy as a
consequence of their use. Accordingly, [Commerce has]
rejected the use of either of the two proxies as
inappropriate and ha[s] sought to calculate the CEP for
Koyo’s further manufactured sales using another
reasonable basis.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2561.

Commerce does agree that: (1) Koyo’s proposed methodology would

be less burdensome than Commerce’s standard methodology under §

1677a(d)(2); and (2) “that one of the underlying purposes of section

1677a(e) was to provide a mechanism for avoiding certain

complexities involved in the standard further manufacturing analysis

set forth in section 1677a(d)(2).” Def.’s Mem. at 107; See Final

Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2562. Commerce, however, cites to Bowe,

17 CIT at 340 realizing its overriding mandate to calculate accurate

dumping margins and points out in the Final Results that

the standard methodology [pursuant to § 1677a(d)(2)] is
not unduly burdensome and presents a higher probability
of accurate results than using margins calculated for
non-further-manufactured sales. . . . Koyo’s proposal
relies on information concerning a different class or
kind of merchandise and therefore in this case does not
sufficiently allay concerns about potential inaccuracy
[that is, Koyo relied on information from two different
dumping orders when it proposed that Commerce should have
looked to the margins on finished 0-4 inch A-588-054 TRBs
as a proxy for parts further manufactured into 0-4 inch
A-588-604 TRBs].

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2562.

Commerce argues that its determination, pursuant to § 1677a(e),
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 125

is limited to the scope of the order and is not permitted to include

non-subject sales since the statute refers to “identical or other

subject merchandise.” See Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2562.

Contrary to Commerce’s argument, Koyo contends that “in authorizing

[Commerce] to use ‘other reasonable means’ to calculate the margins,

Congress must have envisioned that [Commerce] would use non-subject

merchandise, i.e., merchandise not subject to the same order, as a

proxy.” Koyo’s Mem. at 24. Moreover, Commerce asserts that “the

greater the proportion of further-manufactured to non-further-

manufactured merchandise, the greater the possibility of inaccurate

results.” Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2561.

Commerce also contends that it acted in accordance with 19

U.S.C. § 1677e, when it used the adverse facts available margin rate

to calculate the CEP of Koyo’s further-manufactured merchandise.

See Def.’s Mem. at 108. In particular, Commerce argues that, since

Koyo failed to act to the best of its ability by refusing to respond

to the particular section of Commerce’s questionnaire, Commerce

properly selected the adverse facts available margin rate and

applied it to the total entered value of Koyo’s further-manufactured

merchandise. See id. Contrary to Timken’s argument that Commerce

should have applied facts available to Koyo’s total sales value of

the further-manufactured sales rather than to the entered value of

Koyo’s sales, Commerce maintains that it “is not required by the
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 126

statute to select a method that is ‘the most’ or ‘more’ reasonably

adverse.” Id. Commerce also argues that Timken has not provided

any evidence or arguments that the adverse facts available margin

rate that Commerce applied was not reasonably adverse. See id. at

109.

Commerce further contends that Timken does not provide “any

evidence demonstrating that the transfer prices that Koyo reported

as entered values are unreliable.” Id. Finally, Commerce argues

that the record indicates that Koyo’s transfer prices were

maintained within the ordinary course of business and for purposes

besides antidumping proceedings (i.e., for United States tax

purposes and United States Customs’ reviews). See id.

3. Timken’s Contentions

Timken agrees with Commerce’s resorting to its standard

methodology under § 1677a(d)(2) as an alternative reasonable method

and argues that Commerce has broad discretion as to when to use “any

other reasonable basis” under § 1677a(e). See Timken’s Resp. at 47-

50. Moreover, Timken maintains that “[n]o court (much less Koyo)

may substitute its judgment for that of the Commerce Department

(absent action contrary to the statute)[.]” Id. at 48. Timken,

however, disagrees with Commerce’s application of the adverse facts

available margin to Koyo’s entered value and argues that Commerce
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 127

should have applied its facts available rate to Koyo’s sales value

rather than Koyo’s entered value. See Timken’s Mem. Supp. Rule 56.2

Mot. J. Agency R. (“Timken’s Mem.”) at 22-28. Timken contends that

Commerce’s application of the adverse facts available margin to

Koyo’s entered value was unlawful because: (1) transfer prices are

not reliable, see id.; (2) “the [facts available] scheme presumes

that the choice of ‘facts available’ will be not only adverse but

sufficiently adverse to accomplish the purpose of encouraging a

respondent’s full cooperation”; and (3) Commerce “rewarded Koyo’s

refusal to supply requested information by applying the [facts

available] rate to Koyo’s entered value, rather than to its sales

value, for further processed merchandise, which resulted in a lower

[facts available] margin for Koyo.” Timken’s Reply Resp. Brs. Def.,

NTN, Koyo, and NSK. (“Timken Reply”) at 16, 18.

C. Analysis

The first issue is whether Commerce’s use of its standard

methodology pursuant to § 1677a(d)(2) constitutes another

“reasonable basis” under § 1677a(e). To determine whether

Commerce’s interpretation and application of the antidumping statute

is in accordance with law, the Court must undertake the two-step

analysis prescribed by Chevron, 467 U.S. 837. Under the first step,

the Court reviews Commerce’s construction of a statutory provision

to determine whether “Congress has directly spoken to the precise
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 128

question at issue.” Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842. “To ascertain

whether Congress had an intention on the precise question at issue,

[the Court] employ[s] the ‘traditional tools of statutory

construction.’” Timex V.I., Inc. v. United States, 157 F.3d 879,

882 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (citing Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843 n.9). “The

first and foremost ‘tool’ to be used is the statute’s text, giving

it its plain meaning. Because a statute’s text is Congress’s final

expression of its intent, if the text answers the question, that is

the end of the matter.” Id. (citation omitted).

The end clause of 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(e) clearly provides

Commerce with a great deal of discretion in adjusting CEP for the

cost of further manufacture and assembly. See § 1677a(e). Under

§ 1677a(e), when the value added to subject merchandise in the

United States is likely to substantially exceed the value of the

merchandise, Commerce must use specified surrogate prices if two

conditions are met. See id. The first condition in the preamble

of § 1677a(e) that there be “a sufficient quantity of sales to

provide a reasonable basis for comparison,” is not at issue here.

Id. The second condition in the preamble of § 1677a(e) requires

Commerce to “determine[] that the use of such sales is appropriate.”

Id. Thus, Commerce is not forced to use the surrogate prices if it

determines that their use is not “appropriate.” Id. According to

the end clause of § 1677a(e), Commerce is permitted to determine CEP
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 129

“on any other reasonable basis.” Id.

Commerce, therefore, may determine the method by which to

calculate CEP, when it finds that the use of the surrogate prices

is not appropriate. This holds true even if Commerce finds that the

value added in the United States “is likely to exceed substantially

the value of the subject merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(e). Thus,

even if Commerce finds that Koyo’s added value substantially exceeds

the value of the merchandise, Commerce still has the discretion to

refuse to apply the Special Rule.31

In the case at bar, Commerce determined that

the record does not lead [Commerce] to conclude that the
use of either of the two alternative methods described in
section [1677a(e)(1) and (2)] with respect to Koyo’s
further-manufactured merchandise is appropriate. The
record indicates that Koyo’s U.S. sales of further-
manufactured subject merchandise represented a large
portion of its total U.S. sales of subject merchandise
during the POR. Therefore, the use of either of the
proxy methods in this case--where the proportion of
further-manufactured sales is relatively high--would have
a relatively high potential for inaccuracy. In addition,
as noted in [Commerce’s] [P]reliminary [R]esults, the
finished merchandise sold by Koyo to the first unrelated
U.S. customer was still in the same class or kind as
merchandise within the scope of the TRB order and finding
(i.e., imported TRB components were processed into TRBs).
. . .

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2561.

31
In fact, neither Commerce nor Koyo dispute that the value
added to Koyo’s merchandise substantially exceeded the value of the
merchandise. See Koyo’s Mem. at 19 (citing Final Results, 63 Fed.
Reg. at 2561).
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 130

The Court finds that Commerce acted within the discretion

afforded to it by § 1677a(e) in refusing to apply the Special Rule

to Koyo in this review. The Court will not require Commerce to use

the Special Rule when it finds the use of the Special Rule

inappropriate, since the imposition of such a requirement would be

contrary to § 1677a(e). Therefore, since Commerce found that

neither alternative under §§ 1677a(e)(1) nor (e)(2) were

appropriate, Commerce’s resort to its standard methodology under §

1677a(d)(2) as an alternative reasonable method is affirmed.32

Next, the Court must determine whether Commerce’s application

of the adverse facts available margin rate to Koyo’s entered value

in order to calculate the CEP of Koyo’s further-manufactured

merchandise was in accordance with law. The antidumping statute

mandates that Commerce use “facts otherwise available” if “necessary

information is not available on the record” of an antidumping

proceeding. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(1). In addition, Commerce may use

facts available where an interested party or any other person: (1)

withholds information that has been requested by Commerce; (2) fails

32
Although Koyo proposes two alternative methodologies, the
Court’s “duty is not to weigh the wisdom of, or to resolve any
struggle between, competing views of the public interest, but
rather to respect legitimate policy choices made by the agency in
interpreting and applying the statute.” Suramerica de Aleaciones
Laminadas, C.A. v. United States, 966 F.2d 660, 665 (Fed. Cir.
1992).
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 131

to provide the requested information by the requested date or in the

form and manner requested, subject to 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(c)(1), (e)

(1994); (3) significantly impedes an antidumping proceeding; and (4)

provides information that cannot be verified as provided in 19

U.S.C. § 1677m(i). See id. § 1677e(a)(2)(A)-(D). Section 1677e(a)

provides, however, that the use of facts available shall be subject

to the limitations set forth in 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d).

Once Commerce determines that use of facts available is

warranted, § 1677e(b) permits Commerce to apply an “adverse

inference” if it can find that “an interested party has failed to

cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with

a request for information.” Such an inference may permit Commerce

to rely on information derived from the petition, the final

determination, a previous review or any other information placed on

the record. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c) (1994). When Commerce relies

on information other than “information obtained in the course of the

investigation or review, [Commerce] shall, to the extent

practicable, corroborate that information from independent sources

that are reasonably at [its] disposal.” Id.

In order to find that a party “has failed to cooperate by not

acting to the best of its ability” pursuant to § 1677e(b), it is not

sufficient for Commerce to merely assert this legal standard as its

conclusion or repeat its finding concerning the need for facts
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 132

available. See Ferro, 23 CIT at ___, 44 F. Supp. 2d at 1329 (“Once

Commerce has determined under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a) that it may

resort to facts available, it must make additional findings prior

to applying 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) and drawing an adverse inference”).

Rather, Commerce must clearly articulate: (1) “why it concluded that

a party failed to comply to the best of its ability prior to

applying adverse facts,” and (2) “why the absence of this

information is of significance to the progress of [its]

investigation.” Ferro, 23 CIT at ___, 44 F. Supp. 2d at 1331.

The Court finds that Commerce’s decision to apply adverse facts

available was in accordance with law. When Commerce chose to use

its standard methodology under § 1677a(d)(2) to calculate the CEP

of Koyo’s further-manufactured merchandise, Commerce made extensive

requests that Koyo provide Commerce with responses to the particular

section of the questionnaire. Specifically, on April 10, 1997,

Commerce requested that Koyo provide a response to the particular

section of the questionnaire by May 1, 1997. See Koyo’s Mem. Ex.

3. On May 6, 1997, Koyo responded by letter to Commerce urging

Commerce to reconsider its position and proposed to Commerce an

alternative methodology. See Koyo’s Mem. Ex. 4. Commerce, on May

28, 1997, responded to Koyo stating that Koyo was required to submit

responses to the particular section by June 9, 1997. See Koyo’s

Mem. Ex. 5. On June 10, 1997, Koyo wrote to Commerce informing
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 133

[b]ecause Koyo has no confidence that it will receive
even-handed treatment from [Commerce] in the calculation
of the fair value of TRBs further-processed from imported
forgings, Koyo has chosen not to file a [particular]
response in this review.

Koyo’s Mem. Ex. 6 at 2 (emphasis supplied).

As a result of Koyo’s refusal to provide responses to the

particular section and, thereby, failing to act to the best of its

ability, Commerce selected as “adverse facts available . . . the

highest rate [Commerce] ever calculated for Koyo in any previous

review of the [TRBs at issue].” Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at

2562. Consequently, Commerce’s decision to apply the adverse facts

available rate to Koyo’s entered value to calculate the CEP of

Koyo’s further-manufactured merchandise was in accordance with law.

The Court also finds that Timken’s argument that Commerce

should have applied the adverse facts available rate to Koyo’s sales

value is without merit. As Commerce correctly argues, “[i]n

choosing among the facts available, [Commerce is] not required by

the statute to select a method that is ‘the most’ or ‘more’

reasonably adverse.” Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2562. Rather,

this Court affirms Commerce’s application of the adverse facts

available rate to Koyo’s entered value since Commerce’s methodology

was reasonable.

Accordingly, the Court sustains Commerce’s resort to its
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 134

standard methodology under § 1677a(d)(2) and its application of the

adverse facts available rate to Koyo’s entered value to determine

the CEP of Koyo’s further manufactured merchandise.

XV. Calculation of the Antidumping Duty Assessment Rate

A. Background

In the subject review, Commerce, following its usual

practice in ascertaining cash deposit rates and assessment rates,

stated that the “cash deposit rate has been determined on the basis

of the selling price to the first unaffiliated U.S. customer. For

appraisement purposes, where information is available, [Commerce]

will use the entered value of the merchandise to determine the

assessment rate.” Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2585.

Any of Commerce’s findings concerning assessment rates and cash

deposit rates are subject to 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(1)(B) (1994) which

provides that Commerce shall “review, and determine (in accordance

with [§ 1675(a)] (2)), the amount of any antidumping duty . . . .”

Section 1675(a)(2) further states that the dumping margin “shall be

the basis for the assessment of . . . antidumping duties on entries

of merchandise . . . .” 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(2)(C).

The dumping margin (equal to the amount of antidumping duty

owed) is the amount by which NV exceeds the EP or CEP on the subject
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 135

merchandise sold during the POR.33 See 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35) (1994).

NV is the comparable price for a product like the imported

merchandise when first sold (generally, to unaffiliated parties)

“for consumption in the exporting country, in the usual commercial

quantities and in the ordinary course of trade and, to the extent

practicable, at the same level of trade as the export price or

constructed export price.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(1)(B)(i).

The export price means the “price at which the subject

merchandise is first sold . . . by the producer or exporter of the

subject merchandise outside of the United States to an unaffiliated

purchaser,” while the constructed export price is the “price at

which the subject merchandise is first sold . . . in the United

States . . . [by] the producer or exporter . . . to a purchaser not

affiliated with the producer or exporter . . . .” 19 U.S.C. §

1677a(a),(b) (1994).

Cash deposit is a provisional remedy. When Commerce directs

Customs to suspend liquidation upon a preliminary determination of

dumping, the importer must make a cash deposit of estimated

antidumping duties with Customs or post a bond or other security.

33
Because Koyo had only CEP sales during the POR, Koyo’s
arguments address only the calculation of the assessment rate for
CEP sales. See Koyo’s Reply at 22 n.7. However, for the purpose
of our analysis, the outcome would be identical if Koyo had both EP
and CEP or only EP sales during the POR.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 136

See 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(2)(B)(iii). Commerce orders the posting of

a cash deposit in an amount equal to the estimated average amount

by which the foreign market value exceeds the United States price,

that is, the dumping margin. 19 U.S.C. § 1673b(d)(1)(B) (1994); see

also 19 U.S.C. § 1673e(b) (applying similar calculation for

Commerce’s final determination). Commerce then calculates the cash

deposit rate by dividing “‘the aggregate dumping margins by the

aggregated United States prices.’” National Steel Corp. v. United

States (“National Steel”), 20 CIT 743, 746, 929 F. Supp. 1577, 1581

(1996) (citation omitted); accord 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35)(B) (stating

that “‘weighted average dumping margin’ is the percentage determined

by dividing the aggregate dumping margins . . . by the aggregate

export prices . . . .”). Commerce interprets the term “United

States price” as the sale price after Commerce has made all

adjustments as provided for by law. See National Steel, 20 CIT at

746, 929 F. Supp. at 1581.

When an antidumping duty is imposed upon imported merchandise,

Commerce calculates an assessment rate for each importer by dividing

the dumping margin for the subject merchandise by the entered value

of such merchandise for normal Customs purposes. See 19 C.F.R. §

351.212(b).

In promulgating 19 C.F.R. § 351.212(b), Commerce reasoned as

follows:
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 137

[Section] 351.212(b)(1) [deals] with the method that
[Commerce] will use to assess antidumping duties upon
completion of a review. . . . [Commerce] provided that
it normally will calculate an “assessment rate” for each
importer by dividing the absolute dumping margin found .
. . by the entered value . . . . [The regulation] merely
codified an assessment method that [Commerce] has come to
use more and more frequently in recent years.

Historically, [Commerce] (and, before it, the
Department of Treasury) used the so-called “master list”
(entry-by-entry) assessment method. Under the master
list method, [Commerce] would list the appropriate amount
of duties to assess for each entry of subject merchandise
separately in its instructions to the Customs Service.
However, in recent years, the master list method has
fallen into disuse for two principal reasons. First, in
most cases, respondents have not been able to link
specific entries to specific sales, particularly in CEP
situations in which there is a delay between the
importation of merchandise and its resale to an
unaffiliated customer. Absent an ability to link entries
to sales, [Commerce] cannot apply the master list method.
Second, even when respondents are able to link entries to
sales, there are practical difficulties in creating and
using a master list if the number of entries covered by
a review is large. Preparing a master list that covers
hundreds or thousands of entries is a time-consuming
process, and one that is prone to errors by [Commerce]
and/or Customs Service staff.

Antidumping Duties; Countervailing Duties, 62 Fed. Reg. 27,296,

27,314 (May 19, 1997).

B. Contentions of the Parties

1. Koyo’s Contentions

Koyo asserts that Commerce unlawfully calculated the

antidumping duty assessment rate under 19 C.F.R. § 351.212(b)

because Commerce used the entered value for the subject merchandise
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 138

as the denominator in the formula. See Koyo’s Mem. at 30-32. Koyo

alleges that because 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(2)(A),(C) requires that the

dumping margin be calculated as the difference between NV and CEP,

and since NV and CEP are both price-based concepts, the logic of the

statute necessitates that the denominator used in the formula must

also be a price-based concept, specifically, sales value. See id.

at 30. Koyo, therefore, concludes that Commerce’s use of entered

value instead of sales value as the denominator is either

unreasonable or in violation of the statutory language of 19 U.S.C.

§§ 1675(a)(1)(B) and 1675(a)(2). See id. at 30-31.

Furthermore, Koyo maintains that because Commerce always uses

sales value as the denominator for calculating cash deposit rates,

Commerce must apply the same calculation method to the assessment

rates. See Koyo’s Mem. at 30. Koyo argues that Commerce’s use of

different denominators for cash deposit rates and assessment rates

creates a distinction between the two that conflicts with the

mandate of 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(2). See Koyo’s Mem. at 30-31; Koyo’s

Reply at 25.

Koyo also notes that Commerce’s use of 19 C.F.R. § 351.212(b)

is unreasonable as applied because all of Koyo’s merchandise for the

POR was imported solely by Koyo Corporation of U.S.A. and,

therefore, Commerce’s purpose of using entered value as the

denominator in order to “allocate the dumping margin among different
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 139

importers that bring Koyo’s merchandise into the United States” has

no relevance to Koyo’s situation. Koyo’s Reply at 24 (citing Def.’s

Mem. at 112).

Although Koyo concedes that this Court upheld Commerce’s

methodology for calculating the assessment rates in Koyo, 16 CIT

539, 796 F. Supp. 1526, vacated in part on other grounds, Koyo 1992,

806 F. Supp. 1008, Koyo asserts that the issue was not finally

resolved by a determination by the CAFC. See Koyo’s Mem. at 30.

Finally, Koyo asserts that the exhaustion doctrine does not

preclude Koyo from raising its claim because the futility exception

applies. See Koyo’s Reply at 23. In particular, Koyo claims that

since Commerce has used the same methodology to calculate the

assessment rate in past reviews, “it simply would have been a waste

of time and effort--futile--for Koyo to raise this issue . . .

before [Commerce].” Id.

2. Commerce’s Contentions

In response, Commerce contends that the calculation of the

assessment rate, pursuant to 19 C.F.R. § 351.212(b), by dividing the

dumping margin by the entered value of the subject merchandise was

reasonable and in accordance with law. See Def.’s Mem. at 110-13.

According to Commerce, the requirement of 19 U.S.C. §
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 140

1675(a)(2) that the amount by which NV exceeds CEP (or EP) “be the

basis for the assessment of . . . antidumping duties” is fully

satisfied by the methodology devised in 19 C.F.R. § 351.212(b)

because the first step of the calculation, the computation of the

dumping margin (the numerator) as the difference between NV and

Koyo’s CEP, supplies the statutorily-prescribed basis for the entire

formula set forth in 19 C.F.R. § 351.212(b). Id. at 112 (citing

Koyo, 16 CIT 539, 796 F. Supp. 1526). Commerce further asserts that

“[t]he purpose of using entered value in the denominator [in the

formula for an assessment rate] is to allocate the dumping margin

among the importers of the merchandise produced by a respondent.”

Def.’s Mem. at 112.

Commerce also argues that this Court should not consider the

issue because Koyo failed to exhaust its administrative remedies.

See id. at 110-11. In particular, Commerce contends that Koyo was

aware of Commerce’s regulation concerning the filing of case briefs

which are to be submitted by interested parties after the

publication of the preliminary results and which must “contain all

the arguments that, in the [respondent’s] view, continue to be

relevant to the final results of administrative review . . . .” Id.

at 111 (citing 19 C.F.R. § 351.309(c)(2) (1998)). Since Koyo failed

to “raise any issue with respect to Commerce’s assessment

methodology in its October 16, 1997 case brief[,]” Commerce requests
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 141

that this Court find that Koyo failed to exhaust its administrative

remedies and uphold Commerce’s assessment rate calculations.

See Def.’s Mem. at 111.

3. Timken’s Contentions

Timken generally supports Commerce and contends that contrary

to Koyo, the “price-based nature of the calculation of dumping

margins provides no support for any position regarding assessment.”

Timken’s Resp. at 51. Moreover, Timken asserts that if Commerce

used sales value in the denominator as Koyo argues, rather than the

entered value for the subject merchandise, an under-collection of

antidumping duties would result. See id. at 50. Timken also points

out that, contrary to Koyo’s claim, there is binding precedent by

the CAFC upholding Commerce’s methodology for purposes of

calculating cash deposit rates and assessment rates. See id. at 51-

52 (citing Torrington v. United States, 44 F.3d 1572 (Fed. Cir.

1995)).

C. Analysis

The exhaustion doctrine requires a party to present its claims

to the relevant administrative agency for the agency’s consideration

before raising these claims to the Court. See Unemployment

Compensation Comm’n of Alaska v. Aragon, 329 U.S. 143, 155, (1946)

(“A reviewing court usurps the agency’s function when it sets aside
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 142

the administrative determination upon a ground not theretofore

presented and deprives the [agency] of an opportunity to consider

the matter, make its ruling, and state the reasons for its

action”).34

34
There is however, no absolute requirement of exhaustion in
the Court of International Trade in non-classification cases. See
Alhambra Foundry Co. v. United States (“Alhambra”), 12 CIT 343,
346-47, 685 F. Supp. 1252, 1255-56 (1988). Section 2637(d) of
Title 28 directs that “the Court of International Trade shall,
where appropriate, require the exhaustion of administrative
remedies.” By its use of the phrase “where appropriate,” Congress
vested discretion in the Court to determine the circumstances under
which it shall require the exhaustion of administrative remedies.
See Cemex, S.A. v. United States, 133 F.3d 897, 905 (Fed. Cir.
1998). Therefore, because “each exercise of judicial discretion
[does] not require litigants to exhaust administrative remedies,”
the Court is authorized to determine proper exceptions to the
doctrine of exhaustion. Alhambra, 12 CIT at 347, 685 F. Supp. at
1256 (citing Timken Co. v. United States, 10 CIT 86, 93, 630 F.
Supp. 1327, 1334 (1986), rev’d in part on other grounds, Koyo Seiko
Co. v. United States, 20 F.3d 1156 (Fed. Cir. 1994)).

In the past, the Court has exercised its discretion to obviate
exhaustion where: (1) requiring it would be futile, see Rhone
Poulenc, S.A. v. United States (“Poulenc”), 7 CIT 133, 135, 583 F.
Supp. 607, 610 (1984) (“it appears that it would have been futile
for plaintiffs to argue that the agency should not apply its own
regulation”), or would be “inequitable and an insistence of a
useless formality” as in the case where “there is no relief which
plaintiff may be granted at the administrative level,” United
States Cane Sugar Refiners’ Ass’n v. Block, 3 CIT 196, 201, 544 F.
Supp. 883, 887 (1982); (2) a subsequent court decision has
interpreted existing law after the administrative determination at
issue was published, and the new decision might have materially
affected the agency’s actions, see Timken, 10 CIT at 93, 630 F.
Supp. at 1334; (3) the question is one of law and does not require
further factual development and, therefore, the court does not
invade the province of the agency by considering the question, see
id.; R.R. Yardmasters of Am. v. Harris, 721 F.2d 1332, 1337-39
(D.C. Cir. 1983); and (4) plaintiffs had no reason to suspect that
the agency would refuse to adhere to clearly applicable precedent.
See Philipp Bros., Inc. v. United States, 10 CIT 76, 80, 630 F.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 143

The purpose behind the doctrine of exhaustion is to prevent

courts from premature involvement in administrative proceedings, and

to protect agencies “from judicial interference until an

administrative decision has been formalized and its effects felt in

a concrete way by the challenging parties.” Abbott Labs. v.

Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 148-49, (1967); see also Public Citizen

Health Research Group v. Comm’r, FDA, 740 F.2d 21, 29 (D.C. Cir.

1984) (pointing out that the “exhaustion doctrine . . . serves four

primary purposes: [(1)] it ensures that persons do not flout

[legally] established administrative processes . . .; [(2)] it

protects the autonomy of agency decisionmaking; [(3)] it aids

judicial review by permitting factual development [of issues

relevant to the dispute]; and [(4)] it serves judicial economy by

avoiding [repetitious] administrative and judicial factfinding and

by” resolving sole claims without judicial intervention).

In this case, based on precedent, Koyo knew Commerce’s position

on this issue and deemed it futile for Koyo to raise this issue

below. The Court, therefore, concludes that Koyo properly exhausted

its administrative remedies and is correct to raise this issue to

the Court. See Asociacion Colombiana de Exportadores de Flores v.

United States, 916 F.2d 1571, 1575 (Fed. Cir. 1990)(stating that,

as a general rule, courts may “‘refuse to require administrative

Supp. 1317, 1321 (1986).
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 144

exhaustion when resort to the administrative remedy would be futile

. . . .’” and (quoting Bendure v. United States, 554 F.2d 427, 431

(Ct. Cl. 1977)); see also Poulenc, 7 CIT at 135, 583 F. Supp. at

610; Techsnabexport, Ltd. v. United States, 16 CIT 420, 425, 795 F.

Supp. 428, 434-35 (1992).

Turning to the merits of this issue, in Koyo Seiko Co. v.

United States (“Koyo Seiko Co.”), 24 CIT __, 110 F. Supp. 2d 934

(2000), aff’d, 258 F.3d 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2001), this Court determined

and the CAFC affirmed that Commerce’s methodology for calculating

the assessment rate, that is, using the entered value of Koyo’s

imported merchandise in the assessment rate formula rather than

sales value, was reasonable and in accordance with law. See Koyo

Seiko Co., 24 CIT at __, 110 F. Supp. 2d at 943. The Court noted

that “neither [19 U.S.C. §§ 1675(a)(1)(B) and (a)(2)] nor its

legislative history provide[d] an ‘unambiguously expressed intent’

with regard to the” issue of whether Commerce could use entered

value rather than sales value in its calculation of the assessment

rate. Id. at 940.

Because Commerce’s methodology of calculating the assessment

rate and the parties’ arguments are practically identical to those

presented in Koyo Seiko Co., 24 CIT __, 110 F. Supp. 2d 934, the

Court adheres to its reasoning in Koyo Seiko Co. Therefore, the

Court affirms Commerce’s methodology of calculating the assessment
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 145

rate as reasonable and in accordance with law.

XVI. Commerce’s Treatment of Forgings as In-Scope Merchandise

Koyo argues that Commerce erred in treating Koyo’s imported

forged rings as in-scope merchandise subject to the TRB antidumping

duty order. See Koyo’s Mem. at 32. Koyo acknowledges that

Commerce’s 1995 scope determination treating Koyo’s imported forged

rings as in-scope merchandise subject to the TRB antidumping duty

order was upheld by the CAFC in Koyo Seiko Co. v. United States, 155

F.3d 574 (1998). See id. at 33. However, Koyo asserts, since Koyo

“submits that the determination is unsupported by substantial

evidence and otherwise contrary to law, and [Koyo] is continuing to

consider the avenues available for relief from that

determination[,]” the Court should remand the issue for Commerce to

recalculate the determination “after excluding Koyo’s sales of

merchandise further processed from the imported forged rings from

[Koyo’s] U.S. sales database.” Id.

Commerce responds that “Commerce’s scope ruling determination

[is in accordance with law and] Koyo’s rough forgings are within the

scope of the antidumping duty order on TRBs from Japan.” Def.’s

Mem. at 113-14 (citing Koyo Seiko Co. v. United States (“Koyo

1997”), 21 CIT 146, 955 F. Supp. 1532 (1997)), and Timken Co. v.

United States (“Timken 1997”), 21 CIT 889, 972 F. Supp. 702 (1997),
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 146

aff’d, Koyo Seiko Co. v. United States, 155 F.3d 574. Timken

generally agrees with Commerce. See Timken’s Resp. at 52.

Because Commerce’s scope ruling determination and the parties’

arguments are practically identical to those presented in Koyo 1997,

21 CIT 146, 955 F. Supp. 1532, and Timken 1997, 21 CIT 889, 972 F.

Supp. 702, the Court adheres to its reasoning in Koyo 1997 and

Timken 1997. Therefore, the Court sustains Commerce’s treatment of

Koyo’s forgings.35

XVII. Commerce’s Decision to Limit United States Indirect
Selling Expenses to Those Expenses Specifically Associated
With Commercial Activity in the United States

A. Background

The pre-URAA statute provided the reduction of exporter’s sales

price (“ESP”) by the amount of “expenses generally incurred by or

for the account of the exporter in the United States in selling

identical or substantially identical merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. §

1677a(e)(2)(1988). Although the statute was silent as to whether

indirect selling expenses incurred outside the United States should

be categorized as United States indirect selling expenses, Commerce

chose to adjust United States price for such expenses. See 19

35
Koyo states that it “is also challenging the method by which
[Commerce] calculated the margins on [merchandise further
manufactured] . . . .” Koyo’s Mem. at 32 n.17. This Court
affirmed Commerce’s methodology regarding Koyo’s further
manufactured merchandise. See supra Part XIV.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 147

C.F.R. § 353.41(e)(2)(1994); ITA ANTIDUMPING MANUAL , § 7, at 11 (rev.

ed. 1993).

As revised by the URAA, the statute states that CEP, the post-

URAA equivalent to ESP, is to be reduced by the amount of any

“expenses generally incurred by or for the account of the producer

or exporter, or the affiliated seller in the United States[:]”

including “any selling expenses not deducted under subparagraph (A)

[commissions], (B) [direct selling expenses], or (C) [selling

expenses assumed by the seller on behalf of the purchaser].” 19

U.S.C. § 1677a (d)(1) and (d)(1)(D). In the Final Results, Commerce

determined that

[a]s [Commerce] stated in [Final Results of Antidumping
Duty Administrative Reviews and Termination in Part of
Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts Thereof, Finished and
Unfinished, From Japan, and Tapered Roller Bearings, Four
Inches or Less in Outside Diameter, and Components
Thereof, From Japan, 62 Fed. Reg. 11,825, 11,834] and
AFBs VI at 2124, [Commerce] will deduct from CEP only
those expenses associated with economic activities in the
United States which occurred with respect to sales to the
unaffiliated U.S. customer. [Commerce] found no
information on the record for this review period to
indicate that the indirect selling expenses and ICC for
the respondents that were incurred in their respective
home markets were incurred on sales to the unaffiliated
customer in the United States.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. 2575.

Therefore, since NTN’s, NSK’s and Koyo’s “reported selling

expenses at issue were not associated with commercial activity in

the United States[,] [but] [r]ather, . . . were incurred prior to
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 148

the commercial activity in the United States[,] . . . [Commerce] did

not deduct these expenses from CEP for these final results.” Id.

B. Contentions of the Parties

Timken claims that the new 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d)(1) statutory

language and the SAA, H.R. Doc. 103-316, at 823, indicate that

Congress intended for Commerce to continue the practice of including

in United States indirect selling expenses the home market selling

expenses attributable to export sales. See Timken’s Mem. at 18-20.

Timken further argues that the “pre-URAA old law referred only to

expenses ‘incurred by or for the account of the exporter in the

United States,’ but the URAA broadened this language to include

adjustment for expenses ‘incurred by or for the account of the

producer or exporter, or the affiliated seller in the United

States.’” Timken’s Reply at 4; see also Timken’s Mem. at 19-20.

Therefore, Timken maintains that Congress by referring to expenses

incurred by “producers or exporters,” codified Commerce’s prior

practice under pre-URAA. See Timken’s Reply at 4. Accordingly,

Timken requests that the Court reexamine its decision in Timken Co.

v. United States (“Timken 1998"), 22 CIT 621, 16 F. Supp. 2d 1102

(1998), and remand this issue to Commerce so that it may adjust CEP

for indirect selling expenses incurred in the home market on account

of United States sales (that is, export selling expenses reported

by Koyo, NTN and NSK).
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 149

Relying on this Court’s decision in Timken 1998, Commerce

responds that it properly did not adjust CEP for indirect selling

expenses reported by Koyo, NTN and NSK because the new statutory

language (that is, 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d)(1)), does not define the

types of expenses to be included as United States indirect selling

expenses. See Def.’s Mem. at 114-18. Moreover, Commerce states

that “it is clear from the SAA that under the new statute Commerce

should deduct from CEP only those expenses associated with economic

activities in the United States.” Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at

2575.

Koyo, NTN and NSK generally agree with Commerce and argue that:

(1) “the SAA fully supports [Commerce’s] decision not to adjust CEP

to account for indirect selling expenses and ICC incurred in Japan,”

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2575; (2) the statutory language of

§ 1677a(d)(1) and the statutory construction makes it clear that no

adjustment should be made for indirect selling expenses incurred in

Japan; and (3) Commerce has a practice of limiting indirect selling

expenses to those specifically associated with commercial activity

in the United States. See NTN’s Resp. Mem. Timken’s Sept. 8, 1998

Mem. Supp. Rule 56.2 Mot. J. Agency R. (“NTN’s Resp.”) at 2-5; NSK’s

Mem. Opp. Timken’s Rule 56.2 Mot. J. Agency R. (“NSK’s Resp.”) at

5-8; Koyo’s Resp. at 13-16.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 150

C. Analysis

In Timken 1998, 22 CIT at 625-26, 16 F. Supp. 2d at 1106, and

Micron Tech., Inc. v. United States (“Micron 1999"), 23 CIT ___,

___, 40 F. Supp. 2d 481, 484-85 (1999), aff’d, 243 F.3d 1301, 1314,

this Court upheld Commerce’s practice of limiting United States

indirect selling expenses to those expenses incurred in the United

States. The Court noted that neither the pre-URAA statute nor the

newly-amended statute address whether United States indirect selling

expenses incurred outside the United States should be categorized

as United States indirect selling expenses. Timken 1998, 22 CIT at

625-26, 16 F. Supp. 2d at 1106; Micron 1999, 23 CIT at ___, 40 F.

Supp. 2d at 485.

Because Commerce’s practice of limiting United States indirect

selling expenses to those expenses incurred in the United States and

the parties’ arguments are practically identical to those presented

in Timken 1998 and Micron 1999, the Court adheres to its reasoning

in Timken 1998 and Micron 1999. Accordingly, the Court finds that

Commerce’s decision to limit United States indirect selling expenses

to those expenses incurred in the United States is supported by

substantial evidence and in accordance with law.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 151

XVIII. NTN’s Exclusion of Warehousing Expenses for Non-Scope
Merchandise From United States Selling Expenses

A. Background

In the underlying review, NTN excluded certain warehousing

expenses attributable to non-scope merchandise from its reported

United States indirect selling expenses. See NTN’s Resp. at 5. In

particular,

because certain of its U.S. expenses were incurred solely
for non-scope merchandise, in order to ensure an accurate
allocation of its U.S. expenses, NTN first removed all
such expenses from its pool of U.S. expenses. The
remaining expenses which were incurred for either scope
or non-scope merchandise, but cannot be specifically
linked to either scope or non-scope merchandise by NTN,
were then allocated to scope and non-scope merchandise.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2572.

In accepting NTN’s methodology of reporting its United States

indirect selling expenses, Commerce: (1) verified NTN’s United

States expenses finding no discrepancies; and (2) stated that it has

found NTN’s methodology to be reasonable in past TRB and AFB cases.

Id. Commerce also explained how it eliminated the possibility of

distortion in NTN’s methodology when

Commerce calculated a ratio of sales of scope merchandise
to all sales. Commerce then adjusted NTN’s reported
final indirect selling expense by adding or subtracting
various expenses to arrive at a final indirect selling
expense. Next, Commerce multiplied that total expense by
the ratio of scope-to-total products.

Def.’s Mem. at 121 (citing Def.’s Ex. 1 at 18).
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 152

B. Contentions of the Parties

Timken argues that Commerce improperly permitted NTN to exclude

certain warehousing expenses attributable to non-scope merchandise

from its reported United States indirect selling expenses.

See Timken’s Mem. at 21-22; Timken’s Reply at 5-8; Final Results,

63 Fed. Reg. at 2572. In particular, Timken asserts that “NTN’s

adjustment of its allocated pool of indirect U.S. selling expenses

was not reasonable and not supported by substantial evidence”

because NTN excluded the warehousing expenses attributable to the

non-scope merchandise for one of its subsidiaries and then allocated

the remaining expenses to all of NTN’s scope and non-scope United

States sales thereby creating distortion. Timken’s Reply at 5-6.

Timken also maintains that one of NTN’s subsidiaries’ “warehousing

expenses attributed to non-scope merchandise is disproportionate to

the amount of non-scope sales . . . .”36 Id. at 7.

Commerce responds that 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d), “as amended by the

URAA, continues to be silent on the question of allocation methods.”

Def.’s Mem. at 119. Commerce maintains that it found no

discrepancies during its verification of NTN’s United States

expenses and eliminated the possibility of distortion in NTN’s

36
Commerce asserts that the “record does not show what non-
scope merchandise was stored in the warehouse at issue. . . .”
Therefore, the Court agrees with Commerce that it is “impossible to
say whether the storage charges are disproportionate to the sales
of the non-scope merchandise.” Def.’s Mem. at 121.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 153

methodology when Commerce: (1) calculated a pertinent ratio; (2)

“adjusted NTN’s reported final indirect selling expense”; and (3)

“multiplied that total expense by the ratio of scope-to-total

products.” Id. at 121.

Pointing out that NTN’s allocation methodology was reasonable,

Commerce asserts that the Court should uphold NTN’s reported

allocation for United States indirect selling expenses.

NTN supports Commerce’s conclusion. Replying to Timken’s claim

that “‘the basic premise underlying NTN’s allocation methodology for

its U.S. indirect selling expenses is that the sum of those expenses

may be evenly allocated to the sum of its sales[,]’” NTN contends

that Timken misunderstands the methodology at issue. NTN’s Resp.

at 5 (quoting Timken’s Mem. at 21). NTN asserts that it

“differentiates expenses on the basis of whether they were incurred

for merchandise within the scope of the case as the first step in

its allocation methodology.” NTN’s Resp. at 6. NTN maintains that

its “allocation methodology simply allocates expenses to the product

which incurred the expenses, this allocation methodology is not

distortive, and Commerce’s acceptance of it is reasonable and in

accordance with law.” Id.

C. Analysis

The Court upholds Commerce’s decision to allow NTN to exclude
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 154

warehousing expenses attributable to non-scope merchandise from its

United States selling expenses since it is in accordance with law.

The Court notes that 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(d) is silent on the question

of allocation methods and thus grants Commerce considerable

discretion. Under 19 C.F.R. § 351.401(g)(1998),

[Commerce] may consider allocated expenses and price
adjustments when transaction-specific reporting is not
feasible, provided [Commerce] is satisfied that the
allocation method used does not cause inaccuracies or
distortions.

In addition, pursuant to 19 C.F.R. § 351.401(g)(4),

[Commerce] will not reject an allocation method solely
because the method includes expenses incurred, or price
adjustments made, with respect to sales of merchandise
that does not constitute subject merchandise or a foreign
like product (whichever is applicable).

Based on a careful examination of the record and on the

regulatory language of 19 C.F.R. § 351.401(g) and (g)(4) that grants

Commerce considerable discretion in choosing allocation methods, the

Court sustains Commerce’s decision to accept NTN’s United States

selling expenses as reasonable, supported by substantial evidence

and in accordance with law. See Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S.

134, 139-40 (1944).
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 155

XIX. Treatment of Certain Rebates and Billing Adjustments

A. Background

1. Koyo’s Home Market Support Rebates

Koyo reported certain home market support rebates on a

customer-specific basis and the allocations used by Koyo included

rebates on non-scope merchandise. See Koyo’s Resp. at 30-32. “Koyo

calculated rebate factors by dividing the total rebates paid to a

given customer by the total POR sales to that customer.” Final

Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2567. In accepting Koyo’s reporting of

home market support rebates on a customer-specific basis, Commerce

stated the following:

Based on information Koyo provided, [Commerce] [is]
satisfied that Koyo acted to the best of its ability in
reporting home market rebates. However, because Koyo’s
allocation methodology includes non-scope merchandise,
[Commerce has] nevertheless examined Koyo’s allocation to
determine if it is distortive. [Commerce’s] review of
the record indicates that the non-scope merchandise
included in Koyo’s allocation are sales of bearings other
than TRBs. . . . [Commerce’s] review and analysis of the
record give[s] [Commerce] no reason to believe that Koyo
is more likely to grant rebates on sales of bearings
other than TRBs than on sales of TRBs, [and Commerce]
note[s] that Koyo is primarily in the business of selling
bearings, some of which are within the scope of the TRB
orders and others which are not. While [Commerce]
recognize[s] that there are differences among bearings,
[Commerce has] not found that the scope and non-scope
bearings included in Koyo’s allocation vary significantly
in terms of value, physical characteristics, nor the
manner in which they were sold such that Koyo’s
allocation would result in an unreasonably inaccurate or
distortive allocation.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 156

See id.

2. Koyo’s Home Market Billing Adjustment Two

Koyo reported home market “billing adjustment two” on a

customer-specific basis and allocated these adjustments over scope

and non-scope merchandise. See Koyo’s Resp. at 23. “Koyo . . .

calculated its lump-sum billing adjustments by multiplying the total

adjustment amount paid to a customer by the ratio of its TRB sales

to that customer to the total sales to that customer.” Final

Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2565. In accepting Koyo’s methodology,

Commerce stated the following:

While [Commerce’s] preference is for transaction-specific
reporting, [Commerce] recognize[s] that this is not
always possible. It is inapporpriate to reject
allocations that are not unreasonably distortive where a
fully cooperating respondent is unable to report the
information in a more specific manner. . . .
Accordingly, [Commerce has] accepted these adjustments
when it was not feasible for a respondent to report these
adjustments on a more specific basis, provided that the
allocation method used does not cause unreasonable
inaccuracies or distortions. . . . [Commerce has] not
rejected an allocation method solely because the
allocation includes adjustments granted on non-scope
merchandise. However, such allocations are not
acceptable where [Commerce has] reason to believe that
respondents did not grant such adjustments in
proportionate amounts with respect to sales of out-of-
scope and in-scope merchandise. . . .

Based on [Commerce’s] examination of the record in
this and in past reviews, [Commerce is] satisfied that
Koyo’s records do not allow it to report these billing
adjustments on a transaction-specific basis and that Koyo
acted to the best of its ability in calculating the
reported adjustment on as narrow a basis as its records
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 157

allowed. Therefore, for these final results [Commerce
has] made a direct adjustment to NV for Koyo’s lump-sum
billing adjustments.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2566.

3. NSK’s Home Market Rebate

NSK reported lump-sum rebates to certain customers on a

customer-specific basis and “applied the amount directly to the

customer’s account receivable - the amount [was] not directly linked

to any specific shipment(s), part number(s), or group of part

numbers, but [was] just the lump-sum amount that result[ed] from the

parties’ negotiations.” NSK’s Resp. at 9. Such rebates were paid

on the basis of subject and non-subject merchandise. See Final

Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2566. In accepting NSK’s rebates, Commerce

stated that:

[Commerce has] accepted [NSK’s] claims for lump-sum
rebates because [Commerce is] satisfied that NSK’s
methodology, while it includes non-subject merchandise,
does not shift rebates from non-scope to scope
merchandise. In its response, NSK submitted information
demonstrating that the ratio of scope to non-scope
merchandise purchased by each customer who received this
rebate was relatively constant throughout the POR.
Furthermore,[Commerce has] determined based on
[Commerce’s] review of the record that NSK acted to the
best of its ability in reporting these price adjustments
and that reporting on a more specific basis was not
possible given the manner in which NSK maintains its
records.

Id. at 2566-67.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 158

B. Contentions of the Parties

Timken alleges that Commerce’s acceptance of Koyo’s home market

support rebates and home market billing adjustments, as well as

NSK’s lump sum rebates, are unlawful because such adjustments must

always be reported on a transaction-specific basis. See Timken’s

Mem. at 28-32, 34-36; Timken’s Reply at 9.

Timken contends that even under its new methodology, Commerce’s

determination was not supported by substantial evidence inasmuch as

respondents failed to show that: (1) their reporting methods did not

result in distortion; and (2) they put forth their best efforts to

report the information on a more precise basis. See Timken’s Mem.

at 29-32; 34-36. Timken argues that respondents have the burden of

showing non-distortion and best efforts, and having failed to carry

the burden, they must not benefit from the adjustment. See Timken’s

Reply at 9-11.

Commerce responds that its treatment of the adjustments is

consistent with current law. See Def.’s Mem. at 121-27. Even

though Koyo’s and NSK’s billing adjustments and rebates were not

reported in a transaction-specific manner, Commerce accepted them

as part of its new policy to accept allocated adjustments where it

is not feasible for the respondent to report them on a transaction-

specific basis and the respondent has acted to the best of its

ability. See id. at 123. Additionally, Commerce examines whether
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 159

the allocation method used is not unreasonably distortive pursuant

to 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e). See id.

Commerce argues that its findings are supported by substantial

evidence and in accordance with law because “Commerce used its

acquired knowledge of Koyo[’s] and NSK’s computer systems and

databases to conclude that they could not provide the information

in the preferred form.” Id. at 124 (citing Timken 1998).

“Moreover, . . . Commerce [states that it] scrutinized Koyo’s and

NSK’s data before concluding that the data were reliable and that

the adjustments on scope and non-scope merchandise did not result

in unreasonable distortions.” Id. at 124.

With respect to Koyo’s rebates and “billing adjustment two,”

Commerce maintains that: (1) Koyo had reported the adjustments on

the most specific basis possible and, thus, had cooperated to the

best of its ability; and (2) the allocation method was not

distortive. See Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2566-67.

Commerce also argues that it properly accepted NSK’s home

market rebates. See Def.’s Mem. at 126.

Koyo and NSK concur with Commerce’s position. See Koyo’s

Resp. at 22-32; NSK’s Resp. at 8-11.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 160

C. Analysis

Commerce’s decision to accept Koyo’s and NSK’s billing

adjustments and rebates was in accordance with the post-URAA

statutory language, as well as with the SAA that accompanied the

enactment of the URAA because: (1) Commerce reasonably determined

that the adjustments were reliable and could not be reported more

specifically; (2) Commerce properly determined that respondents

acted to the best of their abilities in reporting the adjustments;

and (3) Commerce properly accepted the allocation methodologies of

the respondents after carefully reviewing the differences between

such merchandise and ensuring that the allocations were not

unreasonably distortive. Accord Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at

2566-67; Def.’s Mem. at 122-27.

After the enactment of the URAA, Commerce reevaluated its

treatment of post-sale price adjustments (“PSPAs”), and since that

time it treats them as adjustments to price and not as selling

expenses. Indeed, Commerce’s treatment of the home market support

rebates, early-payment discounts and billing adjustments as

adjustments to price instead of selling expenses is the issue left

unanswered by the pre-URAA cases such as Torrington Co. v. United

States (“Torrington CAFC”), 82 F.3d 1039, 1048 (Fed. Cir. 1996);

Koyo CAFC, 36 F.3d 1565; and Consumer Prods. Div., SCM Corp. v.

Silver Reed Am., Inc., 753 F.2d 1033 (Fed. Cir. 1985). Torrington
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 161

CAFC does not mandate that direct price adjustments may only be

accepted when they are reported on a transaction-specific basis.

Rather, Torrington CAFC merely overturned a prior Commerce practice

of treating certain allocated price adjustments as indirect selling

expenses and does not address the propriety of the allocation

methods that respondents used in reporting the price adjustments in

question. Although (1) “Commerce treated rebates and billing

adjustments as selling expenses in preceding reviews under pre-URAA

law,” and (2) “previously decided that such adjustments are selling

expenses and, therefore, should not be treated as adjustments to

price,” this did not “preclude Commerce’s change in policy or this

Court’s reconsideration of its stance in light of the newly-amended

antidumping statute [that is, 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e)].” Timken 1998,

16 F. Supp. 2d at 1107. “Neither the pre-URAA nor the newly-amended

statutory language imposes standards establishing the circumstances

under which Commerce is to grant or deny adjustments to NV for

PSPAs.” Id. at 1108 (citing Torrington CAFC, 82 F.3d at 1048).

Moreover, 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e) “specifically directs that Commerce

shall not decline to consider an interested party’s submitted

information if that information is necessary to the determination

but does not meet all of Commerce’s established requirements, if the

[statute’s] criteria are met.” Timken 1998, 16 F. Supp. 2d at 1108.

Commerce applied its post-URAA methodology to analyze
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 162

adjustments to price, explaining that Commerce accepted PSPAs as

direct adjustments to price if Commerce determined that a

respondent, in reporting these adjustments, acted to the best of its

ability to associate the adjustment with the sale on which the

adjustment was made, rendering its reporting methodology not

unreasonably distortive. See Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2566.

In evaluating the degree to which an allocation over scope and non-

scope merchandise may be distortive, Commerce examines “the extent

to which the out-of-scope merchandise included in the allocation

pool is different from the in-scope merchandise in terms of value

and physical characteristics, and the manner in which it is sold.”

Id.

Timken argues that Commerce’s methodology is inadequate,

unlawful and not supported by substantial evidence. See Timken’s

Mem. at 29-32; 34-36. Timken is incorrect. Although the URAA does

not compel Commerce’s new policy on price adjustments, the statute

does not prohibit Commerce’s new practice. Commerce’s “change in

policy . . . substitutes a rigid rule with a more reasonable method

that nonetheless ensures that a respondent’s information is reliable

and verifiable.” Timken 1998, 16 F. Supp. 2d at 1108. Commerce's

decision to accept Koyo’s and NSK’s allocated adjustments to price

is acceptable, “especially . . . in light of the more lenient

statutory instructions of [19 U.S.C. § ] 1677m(e).” Id.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 163

Accordingly, “Commerce’s decision to accept the PSPAs . . . is

fully in accordance with the post-URAA statutory language and

directions of the SAA,” and the decision to accept Koyo’s and NSK’s

adjustments was reasonable even though the adjustments were not

reported on a transaction-specific basis and even though the

allocations included rebates on non-scope merchandise. Id.

Moreover, one of the goals of Congress in passing the URAA was

to liberalize certain reporting requirements imposed on respondents

in antidumping reviews. Such intent is evident both in the

amendments enacted by the URAA and in the SAA. The URAA amended the

antidumping law to include a new subsection, 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e).

The provision states that:

[i]n reaching a determination under [19 U.S.C.] section
1671b, 1671d, 1673b, 1673d, 1675, or 1675b[,] . . .
[Commerce] shall not decline to consider information that
is submitted by an interested party and is necessary to
the determination but does not meet all the applicable
requirements established by [Commerce], if—-

(1) the information is submitted by the deadline
established for its submission,
(2) the information can be verified,
(3) the information is not so incomplete that it
cannot serve as a reliable basis for reaching the
applicable determination,
(4) the interested party has demonstrated that
it acted to the best of its ability in providing
the information and meeting the requirements established
by [Commerce] with respect to the information, and
(5) the information can be used without undue
difficulties.

19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e).
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 164

This section of the statute liberalized Commerce’s general

acceptance of data submitted by respondents in antidumping

proceedings by directing Commerce not to reject data submissions

once Commerce concludes that the specified criteria are satisfied.37

Next, Timken suggests that Commerce has accepted the

adjustments without requiring respondents to carry the burden of

proving that the adjustments are non-distortive. See Timken’s Reply

at 9-11. This argument is similarly without merit. As a routine

part of its antidumping practice, Commerce accepts a range of

reporting methodologies and allocations adopted by respondents. The

mere acceptance of an adjustment as reported cannot be a sufficient

ground for rejecting Commerce’s decision. It would be anomalous

indeed to expect a respondent to provide Commerce, in addition to

the information on the basis of which Commerce could conclude that

the respondent’s reporting methods are not distortive, with proof

of the validity of Commerce’s determination of that sort. Such a

scheme would effectively allow the respondent to bind Commerce,

37
Consistent with § 1677m(e), the SAA states that the new
provision “does not intend to change Commerce's current practice,
sustained by the courts, of allowing companies to allocate these
expenses when transaction-specific reporting is not feasible,
provided that the allocation method used does not cause
inaccuracies or distortions.” H.R. Doc. 103-316, at 823-24.
Therefore, the statute and the accompanying SAA both support
Commerce's use of allocations in circumstances such as those
present here.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 165

restricting Commerce’s inherent power to investigate, examine and

render a decision.

In determining whether Koyo’s and NSK’s allocation over scope

and non-scope merchandise was unreasonably distortive, Commerce

reasonably has not required respondents to demonstrate the non-

distortive nature of the allocation directly, for example, by

compelling them to identify separately the adjustments on scope

merchandise and compare them to the results of allocations over both

scope and non-scope merchandise. Such a burdensome exercise would

defeat the entire purpose underlying the more flexible reporting

rules, by compelling the respondent to go through the enormous

effort that the new rules were intended to obviate. Rather,

Commerce has adopted criteria by which Commerce determines whether

an allocation over scope and non-scope merchandise was likely to

cause unreasonable distortions on a case-by-case basis, utilizing

Commerce’s administratory expertise.

In the case at hand, Commerce’s determination with respect to

Koyo’s rebates and “billing adjustment two” was reasonable.

Commerce premised its conclusion on Koyo’s response to Commerce’s

supplemental questionnaire in which “Koyo stated that more specific

reporting for a certain customer who received rebates was not

possible because its records did not allow it to isolate sales of

those bearings for which rebates were granted.” Final Results, 63
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 166

Fed. Reg. at 2567. Commerce also found that transaction-specific

reporting was not feasible for “billing adjustment two” based on the

record in this POR and past reviews. See id. at 2566. For both

adjustments, Commerce found that the allocation methodologies used

were not distortive, and that Koyo acted to the best of its ability

in reporting the information inasmuch as more specific reporting was

not feasible. See id.

Commerce also properly accepted NSK’s lump-sum home market

rebates. NSK’s home market rebates were granted on a customer-

specific basis, and “while it includes non-subject merchandise,

[NSK] does not shift rebates from non-scope to scope merchandise.”

See id. at 2566. Commerce also found that the method was not

unreasonably distortive and that NSK acted to the best of its

ability. See id. at 2566-67.

Timken asserts that Commerce improperly determined that Koyo

and NSK acted to the best of their ability in reporting adjustments.

See Timken Mem. at 31-32, 36. Timken’s assertion is without merit.

When respondents’ adjustments were granted over both scope and non-

scope merchandise without reference to any particular model or

transaction, Commerce could not have reasonably expected them to be

recorded or reported to Commerce in a manner more specific than that

which was used. It was equally appropriate for Commerce to

consider, as a part of its decision whether respondents acted to the
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 167

best of their ability in reporting the adjustments, its acquired

knowledge of Koyo’s and NSK’s computer systems and databases to

conclude that they could not provide the information in the

preferred form. See Def.’s Mem. at 124.38

In sum, the Court finds that Commerce’s decision to accept

Koyo’s and NSK’s reported home market adjustments was in accordance

with the post-URAA statutory language and the SAA. The record

demonstrates that the requirements of 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e) were

38
The Court finds that Commerce reasonably determined that
Koyo and NSK acted to the best of their ability in reporting
billing adjustments and rebates. First, with regards to Koyo’s
“billing adjustment two,” some of Koyo’s adjustments reported in
“billing adjustment two”

were “true lump-sum adjustments,” granted over both scope
and non-scope merchandise[] . . . without reference to
any particular model or transaction. . . . The other
type of adjustment included in billing adjustment 2 is an
adjustment that may have been granted on a model-specific
basis, but was recorded in Koyo’s computer database as a
customer-specific amount without reference to specific
models or transactions. To identify the models or
transaction to which these adjustments applied, Koyo
would have had to review manually thousands of paper
receipts regarding individual original transactions in
the hopes of finding explanatory notes by the salesmen.

Koyo’s Resp. at 29.

Second, with regards to Koyo’s rebates, “the record does not
show that Koyo could alter its computer program to identify the
sales on which the rebates were paid.” Id. at 31. Finally, with
regards to NSK’s lump-sum rebates, “NSK’s lump-sum PSPAs did not
relate to specific part numbers, but, . . . constituted a single
lump sum applied to a customer’s account receivable.” NSK’s Resp.
at 11.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 168

satisfied by the respondents in that: (1) the reported adjustments

were submitted in a timely fashion, see 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e)(1);

(2) the information submitted can be verified by Commerce, see 19

U.S.C. § 1677m(e)(2); (3) the respondents’ information was not so

incomplete that it could not serve as a basis for reaching a

determination, see 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e)(3); (4) respondents

demonstrated that they acted to the best of their abilities in

providing the information and meeting Commerce’s new reporting

requirements, see 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e)(4); and (5) there was no

indication that the information was incapable of being used without

undue difficulties. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e)(5).

Commerce’s determinations with respect to Koyo and NSK were

also consistent with the SAA. The Court agrees with Commerce’s

finding in the Final Results that given Koyo’s and NSK’s computer

systems and databases and time constraints imposed by the statute,

the reporting and allocation methodologies were reasonable. This

is consistent with the SAA directive under 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e),

which provides that Commerce “may take into account the

circumstances of the party, including (but not limited to) the

party’s size, its accounting systems, and computer capabilities.”

H.R. Doc. 103-316, at 865. Thus, the Court holds that Commerce

properly considered the ability of Koyo and NSK to report their

billing adjustments and rebates on a more specific basis.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 169

Accordingly, the Court concludes that Commerce’s acceptance of

Koyo’s and NSK’s reported adjustments was in accordance with law.

XX. Commerce’s Acceptance of Home Market Average Short-Term
Interest Rate

Timken contends that Commerce’s acceptance of Koyo’s home

market average short-term interest rate is not supported by

substantial evidence because there are two loan entries whose

“interest amounts . . . are aberrational and unsupported by the

record . . . [since the two loan entries] do not list certain

relevant information regarding the terms and details of these loans

for which the reported interest was incurred.”39 Final Results, 63

Fed. Reg. at 2569. In particular, Timken argues that “Koyo has

calculated the home market interest rate which it has used for

various adjustments by dividing the amount of interest it paid by

the principal amount it has borrowed” and about half of the total

interest used in Koyo’s calculation was composed of two loan entries

that were a different type of loan arrangement than the other loan

entries. Timken’s Mem. at 32-33. Timken maintains that Commerce’s

verification of selected Koyo interest expenses should not serve as

39
Commerce points out that Timken’s argument is misleading
because on one of the pages “of its brief, Timken argues that the
aberrations are in the hundreds . . . [while] it is clear from
Timken’s own calculations on [another page] of its brief that the
alleged aberrations are one-hundreth of the amounts alleged.”
Def.’s Mem. at 127-28.
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 170

“a basis for finding that all of Koyo’s interest expenses were

accurate.” Timken’s Reply at 12-13. Accordingly, Timken asserts

that it is unreasonable for Commerce to verify one loan category and

deduce from this that the other loan arrangement’s interest and loan

amounts are accurate, that is, “Commerce is effectively claiming

that verification of ‘apples’ . . . suffices to find that ‘oranges’

. . . are accurate.” Id. at 13. Timken, therefore, requests that

this Court reverse Commerce’s acceptance of Koyo’s home market

interest rate and remand with instructions that Commerce recalculate

Koyo’s interest rate excluding the interest amounts of the two loan

entries at issue.

Commerce, in turn argues that it properly accepted Koyo’s

reported home market average short-term interest rate in its

calculation of NV because

[d]uring verification [Commerce] carefully reviewed the
manner in which Koyo calculated its short-term interest
rate and its credit expense ratios. After reviewing
supporting documentation for each of several loans
[Commerce] selected from Koyo’s credit calculation
worksheets, [Commerce was] . . . satisfied that Koyo had
accurately reported its credit expense.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2569; Def.’s Mem. at 127.

In regards to the two interest amounts that are at issue,

Commerce maintains that

[Commerce is] generally satisfied with Koyo’s explanation
of and the reliability of those interest amounts which
Timken claims should be removed from the interest rate
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 171

calculation and can find no evidence on the record that
indicates these interest amounts should be excluded from
the calculation of credit; accordingly, [Commerce has]
not done so for these final results.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2569.

Commerce also argues that although the two entries were not

among the data selected for verification, a verification is intended

to serve as a spot check and not an exhaustive review of a response.

See Def.’s Mem. at 128 (citing Bomont Indus. v. United States, 14

CIT 208, 209, 733 F. Supp. 1507, 1508 (1990)). Since the two

entries at issue were interest payments incurred during a normal

business arrangement and not payments on a specific loan and

“Commerce had no basis upon which to challenge Koyo’s explanation

[regarding the two entries at issue],” Commerce asserts that

Commerce’s acceptance of Koyo’s home market credit expense

calculation was in accordance with law. Def.’s Mem. at 128-29.

Koyo generally agrees with Commerce, emphasizing that

Timken’s assertions are misplaced because they are based
on a misunderstanding of the credit verification exhibit.
Koyo argues that the interest amounts Timken identified
as aberrational do not constitute payments on specific
loans, but rather reflected interest paid by Koyo Seiko
under some other arrangement.

Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2569; see Koyo’s Resp. at 33-35.

Koyo maintains that “Timken points to nothing in the record to

suggest that Koyo did not in fact incur or pay these costs[;]
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 172

[g]iven that Koyo had to pay those amounts to the bank during the

period of review, it legitimately included them in its interest

calculation as part of the cost of borrowing money.” Koyo’s Resp.

at 34. Relying on Micron Tech., 117 F.3d at 1396, Koyo asserts the

fact that Commerce did not verify the two entries at issue does not

mean that the home market credit calculation is not accurate. See

id. at 35.

The Court disagrees with Timken that Commerce’s acceptance of

Koyo’s home market average short-term interest rate is not in

accordance with law. Timken fails to acknowledge the appropriate

level of deference owed to Commerce’s verifications. A

“‘[v]erification is a spot check and is not intended to be an

exhaustive examination of the respondent’s business. [Commerce] has

considerable latitude in picking and choosing which items it will

examine in detail.’” PMC, 20 CIT at 1134 (quoting Monsanto, 12 CIT

at 944, 698 F. Supp. at 281). In fact, “Commerce enjoys ‘wide

latitude’ in its verification procedures.” Pohang, 1999 Ct. Intl.

Trade LEXIS 105, *1, Slip Op. 99-112; see also American Alloys, 30

F.3d at 1475; Carlisle, 9 CIT at 532, 622 F. Supp. at 1082 (“It is

within the discretion of Commerce to determine how to verify” and

“due deference will be given to the expertise of the agency.” The

Court defers to the agency’s sensibility as to the depth of the

inquiry needed. In the absence of evidence in the record suggesting
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 173

the need to examine further the supporting evidence itself, the

agency may accept the credibility of the document at face value.

See Pohang, 1999 Ct. Intl. Trade LEXIS 105, Slip Op. 99-112. “To

conclude otherwise would leave every verification effort vulnerable

to successive subsequent attacks, no matter how credible the

evidence and no matter how burdensome on the agency further inquiry

would be.” Id. at *54 n.32, Slip Op. 99-112, (relying on PPG Indus.,

Inc. v. United States, 15 CIT 615, 620, 781 F. Supp. 781, 787

(1991)); see also Micron Tech., 117 F.3d at 1396 (“declin[ing] to

impose a requirement on Commerce to trace every figure it chooses

to verify back to financial statements prepared in the ordinary

course of business”). Timken may not usurp Commerce’s role as fact

finder and substitute Timken’s analysis of the data for the result

reached by Commerce in the verification report. The Court will not

supersede Commerce’s conclusions so long as it applies a reasonable

standard to verify material submitted and the verification is

supported by such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might

accept.

Commerce’s verification of the data underlying Koyo’s home

market interest rate falls within Commerce’s discretion. In this

review, Commerce conducted the verification and concluded that

Commerce was satisfied with Koyo’s reported home market interest

rate. See Final Results, 63 Fed. Reg. at 2569. Since Commerce
Consol. Court No. 98-01-00146 Page 174

properly acted within its discretion when verifying Koyo’s reported

home market interest rate, the Court concludes that Commerce’s

acceptance of Koyo’s home market interest rate was in accordance

with law.

CONCLUSION

This case is remanded to Commerce to: (1) annul all findings

and conclusions made pursuant to the duty-absorption inquiry

conducted for the subject review in accordance with this opinion;

and (2) exclude any transactions that were not supported by

consideration from NTN’s United States sales database and to adjust

the dumping margins accordingly. All other issues are affirmed.

______________________________
NICHOLAS TSOUCALAS
SENIOR JUDGE

Dated: January 24, 2002
New York, New York