In re: E.B.

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

2022-NCCOA-839

No. COA21-694

Filed 20 December 2022

Granville County, No. 21 SPC 42

IN THE MATTER OF: E.B. AAU/MPU WARDS GRANVILLE COUNTY

Appeal by respondent from order entered 4 March 2021 by Judge John H.

Stultz in Granville County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 9 August

2022.

Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General John Tillery,
for the State.

Appellate Defender Glenn Gerding, by Assistant Appellate Defender Hannah
Hall Love, for respondent-appellant.

TYSON, Judge.

¶1 E.B. (“Respondent”) appeals from an order requiring 90 days of inpatient

commitment as being mentally ill and being dangerous to self. We affirm.

I. Background

¶2 Dr. Gary Pohl (“Petitioner”) a state employee who is employed at Central

Regional Hospital signed and filed a petition seeking Respondent’s involuntary

commitment on 21 January 2021, opining she “has a very extensive history of severe

mental illness,” was “noncompliant with medication and she is currently very

psychotic,” and was experiencing “paranoid delusions.” Respondent underwent a first
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examination the following day, with the physician-examiner, Dr. Barbara Mattox,

MD, who opined Respondent was “dangerous to herself or others.” The examiner

specifically noted Respondent believed: (1) someone had implanted tracking devices

into her ears, vagina, and uterus; (2) she had undergone genital mutilation; and, (3)

that a “snake filled with cocaine” was inside of her gastrointestinal tract.

¶3 The trial court ordered Respondent to inpatient involuntary commitment for

30 days, based upon the report and findings “she cannot take care of her physical and

medical needs outside of Central Regional Hospital at this time. [Respondent] would

cease to take medications if released leading to her decompensation.”

¶4 Dr. Justin Gettings, Respondent’s treating physician, completed another

examination on 25 February 2021 and opined Respondent was still dangerous to

herself. According to his examination, Dr. Gettings concluded Respondent “remained

psychotic and delusional. She believes she has cocaine filled snakes and retained

fetal products in her uterus. . . . At present[,] [Respondent] represents a danger to

herself if discharged in her current condition.”

¶5 A re-hearing on Respondent’s continued involuntary commitment was held on

4 March 2021. Dr. Gettings testified for the State, and opined Respondent currently

suffers from “schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type.” He further opined Respondent

continued to and would be a danger to herself if discharged. He based his opinion

upon observations, despite treatment with medication, Respondent “continue[s] to
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have persistent delusions that . . . pose a danger to her and make her unsafe to return

to the community at this time.” Specifically, Dr. Gettings testified:

[W]hen [Respondent] initially presented, [she] had a
delusion that she’d actually had something retained in her
uterus. So the content of what has been retained has
changed over time, but it’s varied from either a cocaine-
filled snake—she’s mentioned that she has retained fetal
product from a prior abortion.

I was worried initially, during the initial part of her
admission, that she was actually doing self-examinations
of her utero-genital region which could pose potentially a
physical danger to herself. . . . [E]ven as recently as this
morning, [Respondent] was advocating that she still has
retained material in her uterus.

The second delusion that has been very prominent is that
[she] continues to endorse that she’s the owner of the Pepsi
Cola Company. She stated that she had sole ownership of
this product and is owed distributions—financial
distributions from the sale of this product. . . . These
delusions have remained persistent in spite of treatment.

Third . . . , she has a lot of concern and questioning about
the credentials of people involved in her care. . . . [S]he has
questioned credentials of some of my colleagues.

She’s also questioned the credentials of attorneys that are
representing her in a custody case in Durham County.
She’s told me multiple times that she’s had those
individuals disbarred. [Respondent] has a history of filing,
you know, litigation against folks in Durham County
related to that custody battle and getting restraining
orders.

I’m bringing all this up because I worry that, if she’s in a
position in the community where she questions the
credentials of professionals, including, you know,
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potentially police or people that are representing her in
civil matters, it could put her at risk and danger to herself.

So those are the three main areas.

¶6 When asked by the State whether Respondent might injure herself while

engaging in self-examinations of her genitalia and uterus if released, Dr. Gettings

responded: “I mean—on a very concrete fashion, yes. I would worry just with, you

know, it’s an odd delusion . . . . Yes.” Dr. Gettings further asserted his opinion it is

reasonably probable Respondent would suffer physical debilitation, if immediately

released because “she engages in poor self-care, tenuous housing which definitely

put[s] her at risk to herself.” He also opined, “if we don’t have her fully—fully treated

and fully at her baseline, she has a high risk of decompensating and requiring repeat

or further hospitalization in the future.”

¶7 Respondent’s counsel elicited expert testimony and competent evidence

tending to show she had previously lived independently, was compliant with the

hospital’s rules, has engaged in treatment, and was improving in her condition. Dr.

Gettings responded and opined, “I don’t believe she’s at her baseline, and that

formulation is coming from reviewing past medical records. . . . I do think that there

is potentially room for ongoing improvement.”

¶8 When asked what steps have been taken to try and accommodate Respondent’s

future discharge, Dr. Gettings asserted “she’s essentially homeless,” and caregivers
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had pursued lodging through a transitional housing program. That housing program

placed Respondent’s application on hold because “the people who organize that

program have very significant concerns about [Respondent’s] stability and ability to

sort of live independently.”

¶9 Respondent was also sworn, testified, and asserted she would be able to find

immediate employment and she had enough money to pay for lodging in short-stay

hotels. She testified to continuing to have an obstruction in her gastrointestinal tract

and/or uterus despite contrary medical tests, examinations, and treatment revealing

no such presence or obstruction.

¶ 10 Respondent also denied needing medication: “Pretty much all of my pills and

stuff that was ordered by [Dr. Gettings]. . . . I don’t see the problem with me. I see

the problem with staff and the billing error. . . . I see, you know, me being consistently

held back.” While Respondent stated she took laxatives multiple times a day to treat

the purported obstructions and blockages, Dr. Gettings did not testify to that effect.

¶ 11 The trial court found and concluded Respondent was mentally ill and

dangerous to herself and required further involuntary commitment:

she suffers from a mental illness, which is schizoaffective
disorder. . . . [S]he is currently in possession of a delusion,
that there is something retained within her body and . . .
that there are other items that are inside of her body that
are causing a blockage. The Court finds that these
complaints have been medically checked out (sic) and are
continuing to be evidence of a delusion. The Court finds
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that she has persisted in this delusion and that the
delusion has changed in nature from a cocaine-filled snake
to fetal material to now a blockage in her gastro-intestinal
tract that has resulted in her need for high doses of
laxatives.

The Court finds that this type of behavior is likely to cause
physical self-injury if not stabilized by medication. The
Court finds that she does not have adequate insight into
her mental health issues. She has indicated that she does
not need medication.

....

She has been unable to maintain safe, stable housing and
that, without this stable housing coupled with her—her
own testimony about how she arrived at Central Regional
Hospital is incredible, and therefore, that [she] would pose
a significant debilitation if she were outside of this
hospitalization.

¶ 12 The trial court found Respondent’s asserted gastrointestinal or uterine

blockage(s) were found to be non-existent and Respondent’s “delusional thinking puts

[her] at risk for self-inflicted injury due to attemtps [sic] to remove an internal

iobstruction [sic].” The Court also found that Respondent’s “[n]on-compliance of

medication, the lack of stable housing and lack of insight into her condition, taken

together, pose a[] serious risk of rapid decompensation if in the community. She

therefore poses a significant danger to herself.” The trial court concluded and ordered

Respondent to be involuntarily committed for 90 days on 4 March 2021, and expressly

incorporated Dr. Gettings’ report into its oral findings. Respondent appealed.

II. Jurisdiction
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¶ 13 Jurisdiction lies in this Court pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7A-27(b)(2) and

122C-272 (2021). “When the challenged order may form the basis for future

commitment or may cause other collateral legal consequences for the respondent, an

appeal of that order is not moot.” In re Webber, 201 N.C. App. 212, 217, 689 S.E.2d

468, 472-73 (2009). This appeal is properly before this Court “notwithstanding the

fact that the period of [Respondent’s] involuntary commitment has ended.” In re

Whatley, 224 N.C. App. 267, 270, 736 S.E.2d 527, 529 (2012) (citation omitted).

III. Issues

¶ 14 Respondent asserts the evidence and the trial court’s findings are inadequate

to support the conclusions of being mentally ill and of being dangerous to herself. She

claims the evidence and findings fail to draw the requisite “nexus between past

conduct and future danger” required to make and sustain such a conclusion. In re

J.P.S., 264 N.C. App. 58, 63, 823 S.E.2d 917, 921 (2019) (“Although the trial court

need not say the magic words ‘reasonable probability of future harm,’ it must draw a

nexus between past conduct and future danger.”) (citation omitted)).

IV. Analysis

A. Standard of Review

¶ 15 Respondent, like all individuals before the district court and this Court, is

presumed to be sane and is entitled to her liberty and right to be free of restraint.

See N.C. Const. art. I, § 19 (“No person shall be taken, imprisoned, or disseized of his
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freehold, liberties, or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner deprived of

his life, liberty, or property, but by the law of the land.”); Sane, Black’s Law Dictionary

(11th ed. 2019) (“Having a relatively sound and healthy mind; capable of reason and

of distinguishing right from wrong.”); Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438, 478,

72 L. Ed. 944, 956 (1928) (Brandis, J., dissenting) (The founders “conferred, as against

the Government, the right to be let alone – the most comprehensive of rights and the

right most valued by civilized men.”). The State’s burden of proof to deprive

Respondent of her liberty demands competent and relevant evidence and findings of

fact to be based upon clear, cogent, and convincing evidence at the involuntary

commitment hearing. This Court reviews an involuntary commitment order “to

determine whether the ultimate finding concerning the respondent’s danger to self or

others is supported by the court’s underlying findings, and whether those underlying

findings, in turn, are supported by competent evidence.” In re W.R.D., 248 N.C. App.

512, 515, 790 S.E.2d 344, 347 (2016) (citation omitted).

¶ 16 On issues of admission and credibility of the evidence this Court does “not

consider whether the evidence of respondent’s mental illness and dangerousness was

clear, cogent and convincing,” In re Collins, 49 N.C. App. 243, 246, 271 S.E.2d 72, 74

(1980), as that “is for the trier of fact to determine.” In re Underwood, 38 N.C. App.

344, 347, 247 S.E.2d 778, 781 (1978).
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¶ 17 The trial court’s conclusions of law to involuntarily commit and deprive

Respondent of her liberty must be supported by its findings of fact and supporting

evidence on each required statutory element and those conclusions are reviewed de

novo on appeal. Id. The State’s quantum of evidence must meet and sustain its

burden of proof. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-268(j) (2021); Woodard v. Mordecai, 234

N.C. 463, 472, 67 S.E.2d 639, 645 (1951) (“Whether a statement is an ultimate fact or

a conclusion of law depends upon whether it is reached by natural reasoning or by an

application of fixed rules of law.”) (citations omitted)). Our colleague’s separate

opinion misstates this Court’s duty and role to review conclusions of law. If this Court

were to adopt the separate opinion’s standard of review, the logical conclusion of that

standard deprives Respondent of any effective appellate review. In re Duvall, 268

N.C. App. 14, 18, 834 S.E.2d 177, 181 (2019); see N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-32(c) (2021)

(“The Court of Appeals has jurisdiction . . . to supervise and control the proceedings

of any of the trial courts of the General Court of Justice[.]”).

B. Dangerousness to Self

¶ 18 A respondent may be found to be dangerous to herself under the requirements

of the statute if, “[w]ithin the relevant past,” she has demonstrated the following:

I. The individual would be unable, without care,
supervision, and the continued assistance of others not
otherwise available, to exercise self-control, judgment, and
discretion in the conduct of the individual’s daily
responsibilities and social relations, or to satisfy the
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individual’s need for nourishment, personal or medical
care, shelter, or self-protection and safety.

II. There is a reasonable probability of the individual’s
suffering serious physical debilitation within the near
future unless adequate treatment is given pursuant to this
Chapter. A showing of behavior that is grossly irrational,
of actions that the individual is unable to control, of
behavior that is grossly inappropriate to the situation, or
of other evidence of severely impaired insight and
judgment shall create a prima facie inference that the
individual is unable to care for himself or herself.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-3(11)(a)(1) (2021).

¶ 19 Here, the trial court’s order finds and concludes Respondent’s involuntary

commitment is required, and it concluded Respondent’s “[n]on-compliance [with]

medication, the lack of stable housing and lack of insight into her condition, taken

together, pose a [ ] serious risk of rapid decompensation if in the community. She

therefore poses a significant danger to herself.”

¶ 20 Because these findings are supported by creditable relevant evidence, the trial

court concluded State-Petitioner had met its burden of proof under the statute. Since

findings of fact support the trial court’s conclusion of involuntary commitment of

Respondent, we affirm the trial court’s order, and we need not address Respondent’s

other argument concerning whether involuntary commitment is proper based on any

danger to herself posed by injurious self-examination.

1. Inability to Satisfy Healthcare Needs
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¶ 21 In challenging the trial court’s determination that she is unable to adequately

provide for her own medical care, Respondent first argues that “it was undisputed

that [she] voluntarily arrived at Central Regi[o]nal Hospital seeking medical care.”

Presuming this fact is true, this assertion misses the mark in two respects:

¶ 22 First, the trial court expressly found Respondent’s testimony not credible in its

recitation of the oral findings, which were later incorporated into the written

commitment order. We do not “second-guess” the trial court’s evaluation of

Respondent’s and the other properly admitted witnesses’ credibility. See In re A.B.C.,

374 N.C. 752, 761, 844 S.E.2d 902, 909 (2020) (noting in a juvenile case that when

the trial court sits and hears testimony as a finder of fact, “it is not the role of this

Court to second-guess the trial court’s credibility determination”) (citation omitted).

¶ 23 Second, Respondent testified she had voluntarily sought medical care for a

uterine or gastrointestinal blockage, a condition the expert treating physicians

addressed in their testimony and which the trial court found to be non-existent and

a subject of Respondent’s persistent delusions. These unchallenged findings are

binding upon appeal. In re Moore, 234 N.C. App. 37, 43, 758 S.E.2d 33, 37 (2014).

¶ 24 These delusions, recounted in the physicians’ testimony and the trial court’s

findings, became evident when Respondent testified, she has no mental health issues,

does not need medication for mental illness, and requires copious amounts of

laxatives on a daily basis to treat her asserted uterine or gastrointestinal blockages
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and obstruction(s). To the extent Respondent presented and sought, and continued

to seek, medical treatment, the tests showed she did so for an imagined ailment, the

physicians testified, and the trial court found does not exist, and Respondent is in

denial and neglect of ongoing diagnosed mental illness(es). The trial court’s

supported findings and its conclusions thereon disclose Respondent, “in the relevant

past,” has acted in a way that demonstrates a present inability to provide for her

medical care, as is required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-3(11)(a)(1)(I) (2021).

2. Inability to Satisfy Need for Shelter

¶ 25 Respondent challenges the trial court’s finding that Respondent “lacks stable

housing.” Respondent correctly and rightly points out that she had previously lived

in an apartment and at several hotels prior to her initial commitment. Dr. Gettings

testified from hearsay “what I understand, that [Respondent’s] condo is in a state of

disarray to such a severe level that she was not able to continue inhabiting that

housing which has then, in turn, led to her living in short-stay hotels. That’s—those

are not—you know, she’s essentially homeless.”

¶ 26 Dr. Gettings further testified his attempts to qualify Respondent for a

transitional living program was “put on hold,” because of “very significant concerns

about [Respondent]’s stability and ability to sort of live independently[.]” These

portions of Dr. Gettings’ testimony were elicited on cross-examination without

objection, and any objections thereto are waived. See In re A.J.D., 283 N.C. 1, 7,
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2022-NCCOA-258, ¶ 17, 871 S.E.2d 575, 578 (2022) (“[A] review of the Record reveals

Respondent did not object to the admission of Dr. Zarzar’s testimony on any basis,

including impermissible hearsay. As such, Respondent failed to preserve this issue

for appellate review.” (citing In re F.G.J., 200 N.C. App. 681, 693, 684 S.E.2d 745,

753-54 (2009)); State v. Gobal, 186 N.C. App. 308, 319, 651 S.E.2d 279, 287 (2007)

(“Statements elicited by a defendant on cross-examination are, even if error, invited

error, by which a defendant cannot be prejudiced as a matter of law.” (citation

omitted)).

¶ 27 While Respondent’s testimony concerning her housing contradicted Dr.

Gettings’ hearsay assertions, his testimony supports the trial court’s finding and

conclusion that Respondent “lacks stable housing.” The trial court resolves conflicts

in the evidence and determines whether Dr. Gettings’ testimony was creditable. In

re J.C.D., 265 N.C. App. 441, 448, 828 S.E.2d 186, 191-92 (2019). The record contains

a finding, assertedly based upon “clear, cogent and convincing” evidence, that

Respondent is unable to adequately meet her needs for shelter within the relevant

past pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-3(11)(a)(1)(I). Collins, 49 N.C. App. at 246,

271 S.E.2d at 74. Even if unsupported, other properly supported facts support the

trial court’s conclusion.

3. Reasonable Probability of Serious Physical Debilitation in Near
Future
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¶ 28 Respondent argues the trial court failed to make adequate findings to support

a conclusion that a reasonable probability exists of her serious physical debilitation

in the near future. She asserts no finding disclosing such probable harm and “[t]here

was simply no evidence that, even if [Respondent] refused to take mental health

medication upon discharge, . . . her failure to take the medication would create a

serious health risk in the near future.”

¶ 29 The trial court expressly found Respondent was presently unable to meet her

health and housing needs, and when “taken together, pose[s] serious risk of rapid

decompensation if in the community.” This Court has upheld conclusions of the need

for involuntary commitments for dangerousness-to-self based on substantially

similar findings. See In re Moore, 234 N.C. App. at 44-45, 758 S.E.2d at 38 (“The trial

court found that respondent ‘is at a high risk of decompensation if released and

without medication,’ and that Dr. Fahs thought respondent, if released, would

‘relapse by the end of [the] football season.’ The trial court’s findings indicated

respondent was a danger to himself in the future. The trial court properly found that

respondent is a danger to himself because there is a reasonable possibility that he

will suffer serious physical debilitation in the near future.”).

¶ 30 Further, the trial court’s finding that Respondent is at “serious risk of rapid

decompensation” satisfies N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-3(11)(a)(1)(II)’s requirement of a
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temporal finding of “reasonable possibility” of “serious physical debilitation in the

near future.” Id. (emphasis supplied).

¶ 31 The trial court’s finding and conclusion of a reasonable probability of serious

physical debilitation exists “in the near future” is also supported by other evidence.

Id. When asked by the State if “it’s reasonably probable in the near future, if she’s

discharged with her delusions, that she could suffer physical debilitations,” Dr.

Gettings testified “I do [sic]. . . . I would worry that, if we don’t have her fully—fully

treated and fully at her baseline, she has a high risk of decompensating and requiring

repeat or further hospitalization in the future.”

¶ 32 The trial court also incorporated Dr. Gettings’ report into its order, which

states Respondent “has remained psychotic and delusional . . . [and] at present

represents a danger to herself if discharged in her current condition.” (emphasis

supplied). The trial court’s conclusion that Respondent is at risk of rapid

decompensation due to her inability to manage her medical and immediate housing

needs is supported by findings of fact based upon clear, cogent, and convincing

evidence in the record.

V. Conclusion

¶ 33 The trial court could order the involuntarily commitment of Respondent, if

Petitioner met its burden of proof by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence to prove

she was unable to care for her health or need for shelter in the relevant past and of a
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reasonable possibility of physical debilitation in the near future. N.C. Gen. Stat. §

122C-3(11)(a)(1)(I)-(II).

¶ 34 The trial court found Respondent’s “[n]on-compliance with medication, the lack

of stable housing and lack of insight into her condition, taken together, pose a[ ]

serious risk of rapid decompensation if in the community. She therefore poses a

significant danger to herself.”

¶ 35 These findings are supported by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. The

trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law of Respondent being mentally ill

and being dangerous to herself is supported by evidence in the record. The trial

court’s order is affirmed. It is so ordered.

AFFIRMED.

Judge GORE concurs.

Judge INMAN concurs in result only by separate opinion.
 No. COA21-694 – In re E.B.

INMAN, Judge, concurring in the result.

¶ 36 I agree with the majority that the trial court’s involuntary commitment order

should be affirmed, but I respectfully disagree with the standard of review it employs

in resolving this appeal. Under the proper standard applicable to involuntary

commitment orders, competent record evidence supports the trial court’s findings of

fact, and those findings of fact support the ultimate finding of dangerousness to self.

Applying this well-established framework, I concur in the result.

¶ 37 To order an individual’s involuntary inpatient commitment, “the [trial] court

shall find by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence that the respondent is mentally

ill and dangerous to self . . . or dangerous to others . . . . The court shall record the

facts that support its findings.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 122C-268(j) (2021) (emphasis

added). Consistent with the statute’s language, dangerousness to self has long been

(and remains) understood as an ultimate finding of fact. See In re Hogan, 32 N.C.

App. 429, 433, 232 S.E.2d 492, 494 (1977) (“Whether a person is mentally ill . . . and

whether he is imminently dangerous to himself or others, present questions of fact.”);

In re Collins, 49 N.C. App. 243, 246, 271 S.E.2d 72, 74 (1980) (“To enter the

commitment order the trial court was required to ultimately find two distinct facts,

i.e., that the respondent was mentally ill and was dangerous to himself or to others.”

(emphasis added) (citation omitted)); In re A.J.D., 2022-NCCOA-258, ¶ 15 (“Findings

of mental illness and dangerousness to self are ultimate findings of fact.” (citation

and quotation marks omitted)).
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INMAN, J., concurring in the result

¶ 38 Though occasionally difficult to differentiate, ultimate findings of fact are

distinct from both evidentiary facts and conclusions of law:

There are two kinds of facts: Ultimate facts, and
evidentiary facts. Ultimate facts are the final facts
required to establish the plaintiff’s cause of action or the
defendant’s defense; and evidentiary facts are those
subsidiary facts required to prove the ultimate facts.

....

Ultimate facts are those found in that vaguely defined area
lying between evidential facts on the one side and
conclusions of law on the other. In consequence, the line of
demarcation between ultimate facts and legal conclusions
is not easily drawn. An ultimate fact is the final resulting
effect which is reached by processes of logical reasoning
from the evidentiary facts. Whether a statement is an
ultimate fact or a conclusion of law depends upon whether
it is reached by natural reasoning or by an application of
fixed rules of law.

Woodard v. Mordecai, 234 N.C. 463, 470-72, 67 S.E.2d 639, 644-45 (1951) (citations

omitted).

¶ 39 Consistent with the above distinctions between ultimate findings of fact and

conclusions of law, this Court held more than four decades ago that ultimate findings

of mental illness and dangerousness are not to be treated or analyzed as conclusions

of law. Hogan, 32 N.C. App. at 433, 232 S.E.2d 492 at 494 (“In the order appealed

from in the present case the court purported to make these determinations [of mental

illness and dangerousness] as ‘matters of law.’ We will ignore the incorrect
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designation and treat the court’s conclusions as findings of the ultimate facts required

by [the then-applicable involuntary commitment statute].”).

¶ 40 In In re Whatley, this Court equated, without authority and in passing,

ultimate findings of mental illness and dangerousness with conclusions of law. 224

N.C. App. 267, 271, 736 S.E.2d 527, 530 (2012) (“The trial court must also record the

facts that support its ‘ultimate findings,’ i.e., conclusions of law, that the respondent

is mentally ill and dangerous to himself or others.”). To the extent that this statement

in Whatley amounts to more than mere dicta, it is in direct conflict with: (1) Woodard’s

distinction between ultimate findings and conclusions of law, 234 N.C. at 470-72, 67

S.E.2d at 644-45; (2) undisturbed precedents establishing mental illness and

dangerousness as ultimate findings of fact, Hogan, 32 N.C. App. at 433, 232 S.E.2d

492 at 494; and (3) the applicable statute requiring the trial court to “find” a

respondent mentally ill and dangerous in order to involuntarily commit her, N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 122C-268(j). Because one panel of this Court cannot overrule another

and we are required to follow our Supreme Court’s precedents, In re Civil Penalty,

324 N.C. 373, 384, 379 S.E.2d 30, 37 (1989), Whatley’s conflation of ultimate findings

of mental illness and dangerousness with conclusions of law is not binding.

¶ 41 When an appellant challenges the trial court’s ultimate finding of

dangerousness in an involuntary commitment order, our longstanding standard of

review is straightforward: “We review the trial court’s commitment order to
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INMAN, J., concurring in the result

determine whether the ultimate finding concerning the respondent’s danger to self or

others is supported by the court’s underlying findings, and whether those underlying

findings, in turn, are supported by competent evidence.” In re W.R.D., 248 N.C. App.

512, 515, 790 S.E.2d 344, 347 (2016). I can find no published decision before or after

Hogan purporting to apply de novo review to ultimate findings of mental illness and

dangerousness, and we have explicitly rejected that standard in at least one

unpublished decision of this Court. See In re E.L., 268 N.C. App. 323, 834 S.E.2d 189,

2019 WL 5726811, *1 (unpublished) (refusing, based on Hogan, to apply the de novo

standard urged by an appellant to ultimate findings of mental illness and

dangerousness).

¶ 42 Our review in applying the competent evidence standard is not unfettered. “It

is for the trier of fact to determine whether evidence offered in a particular case is

clear, cogent, and convincing. Our function on appeal is simply to determine whether

there was any competent evidence to support the factual findings made.” In re

Underwood, 38 N.C. App. 344, 347-48, 247 S.E.2d 778, 781 (1978) (emphasis added)

(citations omitted). “We do not consider whether the evidence of respondent’s mental

illness and dangerousness was clear, cogent and convincing. It is for the trier of fact

to determine whether the competent evidence offered in a particular case met the

burden of proof.” Collins, 49 N.C. App. at 246, 271 S.E.2d at 74 (emphasis added)

(citing Underwood, 38 N.C. App. at 347, 247 S.E.2d at 781).
 IN RE E.B.

2022-NCCOA-839

INMAN, J., concurring in the result

¶ 43 The majority recognizes some of the caselaw concerning the proper standard

of review while deviating from precedents in key respects. Its assertions that the

ultimate findings of mental illness and dangerousness to self are conclusions of law

and that the involuntary commitment thereunder is subject to de novo review ignores

prior decisions establishing: (1) mental illness and dangerousness as ultimate

findings rather than legal conclusions, Hogan, 32 N.C. App. at 433, 232 S.E.2d 492

at 494; and (2) the proper standard of review applicable to those ultimate findings,

see, e.g., W.R.D., 248 N.C. App. at 515, 790 S.E.2d at 347.

¶ 44 In supporting its assertion of de novo review, the majority misstates the

standard applied in Underwood. That decision treats dangerousness as an ultimate

finding and does not employ de novo review:

Our function on appeal is simply to determine whether
there was any competent evidence to support the factual
findings made. . . . [T]he petitioner’s testimony furnished
competent evidence to support the trial court’s factual
findings . . . . These factual findings in turn furnished
ample support for the court’s ultimate findings that
respondent was mentally ill and imminently dangerous to
self or others . . . .

38 N.C. App. at 347-48, 247 S.E.2d at 781. Relatedly, I disagree with the majority’s

repeated misnomer of the trial court’s ultimate findings in this case as legal

“conclusions.”
 IN RE E.B.

2022-NCCOA-839

INMAN, J., concurring in the result

¶ 45 The majority’s claim that the well-established standard of review set forth in

this concurring opinion “deprives Respondent of any effective appellate review,

including constitutional claims . . . and issues of statutory interpretation and

application,” ignores the more than forty years of caselaw reviewing and reversing

involuntary commitment orders under precisely this standard. See e.g., Hogan, 32

N.C. App. at 434, 232 S.E.2d at 495 (reversing an involuntary commitment order

because the underlying findings were unsupported by competent evidence and did

not support the ultimate findings). Respondent has not challenged the

constitutionality of her involuntary commitment, and she has not presented any

argument concerning statutory interpretation. Nor has she requested de novo review.

Instead, her brief simply asks that we employ the exact standard applied in decades

of caselaw and in this concurring opinion.

¶ 46 I similarly decline to adopt the majority’s several assertions that the trial

court’s “findings are supported by clear, cogent and convincing evidence,” as such

judgments on the weight of the evidence are beyond this Court’s purview. See id. at

347-48, 247 S.E.2d at 781; Collins, 49 N.C. App. at 246, 271 S.E.2d at 74. Stated

simply, because this Court is not authorized to consider whether evidence is clear,

cogent, and convincing, we should not purport to decide that issue.

¶ 47 Even though I believe the majority applies the wrong standard of review, I

reach the same result applying the correct standard. The evidence recited in the
 IN RE E.B.

2022-NCCOA-839

INMAN, J., concurring in the result

majority opinion is competent to support the trial court’s evidentiary findings that

Respondent is unable to manage her own medical and housing needs and is at rapid

risk of decompensation if released. Those evidentiary findings, in turn, support the

trial court’s ultimate finding that Respondent is dangerous to herself. I therefore

concur in the result affirming the trial court’s order.