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http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
June 22, 2017
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A17A0242. OXENDINE v. GOVERNMENT TRANSPARENCY AND
CAMPAIGN FINANCE COMMISSION.
RICKMAN, Judge.
Approximately eight years ago, a citizen filed a complaint with the Government
Transparency and Campaign Finance Commission (“the Commission”) alleging that
John Oxendine violated a provision of the Ethics in Government Act1 (“the Act”),
OCGA § 21-5-41 (2009),2 during his candidacy for the 2010 gubernatorial election. In
October 2009, the Commission held its first preliminary hearing on the matter. The
Commission voted to table the matter while also approving a motion “to investigate the
political action committees and regulated entities involved[.]” In June 2012, the
1
OCGA § 21-5-1.
2
OCGA § 21-5-41 (2009) regulates campaign contributions from persons,
corporations, political committees, or political parties.
Commission held a second preliminary hearing, and found that “reasonable grounds”3
existed to believe Oxendine committed a violation of OCGA § 21-5-41 (a) (2009).4
On August 15, 2015, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution (“AJC”) published an
article reporting that ethics experts questioned why Oxendine failed to return campaign
money to donors. Two days later, the Commission issued subpoenas for Oxendine’s
financial records.5 Approximately one month after the publication of the AJC article,
the Commission filed an amended complaint against Oxendine asserting violations of
the Act pursuant to OCGA § 21-5-41 (a), OCGA § 21-5-43 (c) and (d), and OCGA §
3
Under OCGA § 21-5-6 (b) (10) (A) (2012) the Commission has power,
[t]o conduct a preliminary investigation . . . of the merits of a written
complaint by any person who believes that a violation of this chapter has
occurred. . . . If there are found no reasonable grounds to believe that a
violation has occurred, the complaint shall be dismissed. . . . If the
commission determines that there are such reasonable grounds to believe
that a violation has occurred, it shall give notice by summoning the
persons believed to have committed the violation to a hearing.
4
The “[s]ummary” notes from this preliminary hearing reflect that the
Commission “found probable cause” in the Oxendine matter. However, that finding
was misstated in the notes. The Commission actually made a finding of “reasonable
grounds.”
5
One of those subpoenas was later quashed “due to ministerial error related to
service upon [Oxendine].”
2
21-5-33.6 Oxendine subsequently filed motions to sever, to deny a finding of probable
cause to initiate an investigation under the new complaint, and to dismiss.
On December 16, 2015, the Commission held a hearing on Oxendine’s motions.
Following the hearing, the Commission issued an order denying Oxendine’s motions
to dismiss and sever. The Commission did, however, grant Oxendine’s motion in part,
barring prosecution of several allegations in the amended complaint. In January 2016,
pursuant to the Georgia Administrative Procedure Act7 “the APA,” OCGA § 50-13-19
(a) (2016),8 Oxendine filed a Petition for Judicial Review seeking review of the
Commission’s ruling. On June 21, 2016, the trial court issued an order finding that it
6
OCGA § 21-5-43 (c) and (d), and OCGA § 21-5-33 address how a candidate
for political office can use campaign contributions and what to do with unexpended
contributions.
7
OCGA § 50-13-1.
8
OCGA 50-13-19 (a) (2016) provides,
[a]ny person who has exhausted all administrative remedies available
within the agency and who is aggrieved by a final decision in a contested
case is entitled to judicial review under this chapter. . . . A preliminary,
procedural, or intermediate agency action or ruling is immediately
reviewable if review of the final agency decision would not provide an
adequate remedy.
3
did not have jurisdiction under OCGA § 50-13-19 to review the Commission’s “interim
decision,” resulting in the case being returned to the Commission. This appeal follows.
1. We must first address whether we have jurisdiction to consider this appeal.
“Under OCGA § 50-13-20, only a final judgment of the superior court rendered
pursuant to the APA may be reviewed on appeal by this Court. Generally, where a
superior court remands for additional findings on any issue, this is not a final judgment
subject to appellate review.” (Citation omitted.) Coastal Marshlands Protection
Committee v. Center for a Sustainable Coast, 286 Ga. App. 518, 520 (1) (649 SE2d
619) (2007). See OCGA § 50-13-20 (“An aggrieved party may obtain a review of any
final judgment of the superior court under this chapter by the Court of Appeals or the
Supreme Court, as provided by law.”).
Nevertheless, we find that, in this case, the superior court did not merely remand
to the Commission for additional findings. The superior court held that, inter alia,
Oxendine had not demonstrated irreparable harm and thus, the superior court did not
have jurisdiction under OCGA § 50-13-19 (a) to review the Commission’s “interim
decision.” Accordingly, we conclude that the superior court’s order was an appealable
final judgment under OCGA § 50-13-20. See Coastal Marshlands Protection
4
Committee, 286 Ga. App. at 520 (1); see also Ga. Public Svc. Comm. Campaign for
a Prosperous Ga., 229 Ga. App. 28, 29 (1) (492 SE2d 916) (1997).
2. Oxendine contends that, inter alia, the superior court erred by finding it
lacked jurisdiction to review the “interim decision” of the Commission under OCGA
§ 50-13-19 (a). Specifically Oxendine argues that he has suffered irreparable harm that
could not be remedied by a final Commission hearing under the APA and thus the
superior court, pursuant to OCGA § 50-13-19 (a), had jurisdiction to review his case.
The provision for immediate appeal under OCGA § 50-13-19 (a)
is not applicable simply because an administrative ruling risks duplication
of effort or expense. Such would render virtually every interlocutory
administrative decision subject to immediate review. Instead there must
be some suggestion that the administrative ruling, if incorrect, could not
be remedied so as to cause irreparable harm.
Schlachter v. Ga. State Bd. of Examiners of Psychologists, 215 Ga. App. 171, 172 (450
SE2d 242) (1994).
Oxendine, citing Wills v. Composite State Bd. of Medical Examiners, 259 Ga.
549, 550 (1) (384 SE2d 636) (1989), alleges that a review of the final Commission
hearing would not provide an adequate legal remedy because it would be impossible
for him to prepare a defense to the amended complaint “other than to repeat the same
5
argument that he has already repeatedly made and that has been repeatedly rejected.”
This case is factually distinguishable from Wills. In Wills, our Supreme Court held that
judicial review of an administrative agency’s preliminary ruling was appropriate where
the appellant was not provided with necessary discovery and thus was unable to
adequately prepare his defense. Id. Oxendine’s argument, however, focuses on his
contention that the Commission has misapplied the substantive law. Unlike in Wills,
in this case, if the Commission does in fact misapply the substantive law at the final
hearing, resulting in an incorrect ruling, then that ruling can be remedied by further
judicial review. See Schlachter, 215 Ga. App. at 172.
Oxendine further argues that he has suffered irreparable injury to both his
personal and professional reputation while waiting for his final Commission hearing.
We are certainly troubled by the amount of time that has elapsed since the first
complaint was filed against Oxendine. However, it is undisputed that currently the
APA does not contain a time limit in which the Commission must hold a final hearing.
The amount of effort and expense exerted in defending the charges against Oxendine
does not amount to irreparable harm authorizing immediate appeal under OCGA § 50-
13-19 (a). See Schlachter, 215 Ga. App. at 172. Nor does any potential damage to
Oxendine’s reputation while charges are pending against him amount to the requisite
6
harm. The harm alleged is the same harm that would potentially exist in every case
where a candidate is accused of a violation of the Act. “Such would render virtually
every interlocutory administrative decision subject to immediate review.” Id. Applying
binding precedent from our Supreme Court and this Court to the facts and
circumstances of this case, we hold that Oxendine has not met his burden to show that
a ruling following the final Commission hearing, if incorrect, could not be remedied,
thus causing irreparable harm. See Schlacter, 215 Ga. App. at 172; compare Wills, 259
Ga. at 550 (1). Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying Oxendine’s petition
for judicial review on this basis.9
3. Based on our ruling in Division 2, we need not address Oxendine’s remaining
arguments.
Judgment affirmed. Doyle, C. J., Ellington, P. J., Andrews, Ray, McMillian,
Mercier, and Reese, JJ., concur. McFadden, P. J., concurs in Division 1 and dissents
in Division 2.
9
Although the dissent addresses other grounds cited by the trial court, those
grounds are not addressed in this opinion because they are not applicable here.
7
A17A0242. OXENDINE v. GOVERNMENT TRANSPARENCY AND
CAMPAIGN FINANCE COMMISSION.
MCFADDEN, Presiding Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I agree that we have jurisdiction over this appeal, so I concur in Division 1 of
the majority opinion. But I would hold that the superior court is authorized, on the
record before us and in the exercise of his discretion, to hold that a final agency
decision would not provide Oxendine an adequate remedy, and so that Oxendine is
entitled to interlocutory review under OCGA § 50-13-19 (a). So I respectfully dissent
from Division 2. I would vacate and remand with instructions so the superior court can
exercise that discretion.
OCGA § 50-13-19 (a) authorizes, under certain circumstances, interlocutory
review of administrative agency actions. It provides:
Any person who has exhausted all administrative remedies
available within the agency and who is aggrieved by a final decision in
a contested case is entitled to judicial review under this chapter. . . . A
preliminary, procedural, or intermediate agency action or ruling is
immediately reviewable if review of the final agency decision would not
provide an adequate remedy.
Oxendine invoked that provision, contending that he has been and continues to
be subjected to prejudice over and above that which the law authorizes and practical
necessity requires. He contends that the complaint against him must be dismissed
because it failed to state a claim and was time-barred. And he claims that the
commission has needlessly prolonged resolution of the proceeding against him and
thereby caused him unwarranted reputational damage.
The superior court held that he lacked jurisdiction and dismissed. He stated three
grounds: that Oxendine had failed to exhaust his administrative remedies before
seeking judicial review, that the commission’s decision was not a “contested case,” and
that review of the final agency decision would provide Oxendine with an adequate
remedy. As detailed below, the first and second are simply wrong. The third asked the
2
right question, but the superior court gave an answer infected with error and
suggestive of failure to exercise discretion.
1. Failure to exhaust administrative remedies.
The superior court’s order cited Oxendine’s failure to exhaust his administrative
remedies as an independent reason why the superior court lacked jurisdiction under
OCGA § 50-13-19 (a). That is a misreading of the statue: it creates an exception to the
exhaustion requirement. OCGA § 50-13-19 (a) expressly authorizes immediate judicial
review of a preliminary, procedural, or intermediate agency action “if review of the
final agency decision would not provide an adequate remedy.” So in appropriate cases,
it authorizes judicial review of a preliminary procedural rulings like the commission’s
denial of Oxendine’s motions in this case. See Wills v. Composite State Board of
Medical Examiners, 259 Ga. 549, 550 (1) (384 SE2d 636) (1989) (holding that OCGA
§ 50-13-19 (a) permitted judicial review of agency’s denial of motion to dismiss on
statute of limitations grounds and motion to compel discovery).
2. Contested case.
The superior court also erred in holding that it lacked jurisdiction because this
is not a “contested case,” as that phrase is used in the Administrative Procedure Act.
The Act defines a “contested case” as a proceeding “in which the legal rights, duties,
3
or privileges of a party are required by law to be determined by an agency after an
opportunity for a hearing.” OCGA § 50-13-2 (2). Here, the underlying issue is whether
Oxendine violated a provision of the Ethics in Government Act and should be
sanctioned.
3. Adequate remedy.
The superior court held, “Petitioner will be afforded an adequate remedy by first
exhausting his administrative remedies” and then exercising his right to judicial
appeals.
I agree that, in most cases, appellate review of a final agency decision would
remedy a legal error in an interim agency decision. The “provision for immediate
appeal under OCGA § 50-13-19 (a) is not applicable simply because an administrative
ruling risks duplication of effort or expense.” Schlachter v. Ga. State Bd. of
Examiners of Psychologists, 215 Ga. App. 171, 172 (450 SE2d 242) (1994) But OCGA
§ 50-13-19 (a) expressly contemplates that there will be some cases in which judicial
review of a final agency decision will not be an adequate remedy: it permits immediate
review of an interim ruling “if review of the final agency decision would not provide
an adequate remedy.” OCGA § 50-13-19 (a) (emphasis supplied). We cannot construe
our decision in Schlachter to eliminate the possibility that review of a final agency
4
decision may not be enough. See North Fulton Medical Center v. Stephenson, 269 Ga.
540, 544 (501 SE2d 798) (1998) (construing, in the context of mandamus, the term
“adequate remedy” to mean a “remedy [that] is equally convenient, complete and
beneficial”). So the mere fact that Oxendine could obtain appellate review of a final
agency decision in this case does not, on its own, support a finding that such review
would be an adequate remedy under the facts of this case.
The superior court’s finding that Oxendine “had not demonstrated irreparable
harm,” is unexplained, and it is intertwined with his erroneous determination that
failure to exhaust administrative remedies is an independent bar to jurisdiction under
OCGA § 50-13-19 (a). His order does not set out an analysis of why, under the facts
of this particular case, review of a final agency decision would be an adequate remedy.
That analysis requires an exercise of discretion. As our Supreme Court has held, it
entails recognition that review of a final agency decision would not provide an
adequate remedy where “[i]rreparable injury could result without a resolution of [the]
issues prior to the final hearing on the merits.” Wills, supra, 259 Ga. at 550 (1).
I would not decide today whether that analysis must be set out in an order under
OCGA § 50-13-19 (a). But the order now before use suggests that the superior court
5
erroneously concluded that he was barred as a matter of law from exercising
jurisdiction.
That inference is bolstered by the hearing transcript. The superior court opined
that the case had not been “handled appropriately” so far and expressed “very little
confidence” that the commission would handle it appropriately in the future. He asked
its representative, “At what point does fundamental due process play into your
agency’s formula for providing somebody who’s ... brought up on this charges with
an ability to have his day in court?” The commission’s attorney responded, “this court
just simply doesn’t have jurisdiction.”
Yes he does. Under OCGA § 50-13-19 (a), upon a finding that “the final agency
decision would not provide an adequate remedy,” the superior court has appellate
jurisdiction. The concerns the superior court expressed at the hearing are supported by
the record. And they are sufficient to authorize him, in the exercise of his sound
discretion, to so find.
In order to give the superior court an opportunity to exercise that discretion, I
would vacate and remand.
6