State v. Obregon

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

No. 117,422

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

CHRISTOPHER OBREGON,
Appellant.

SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
The classification of prior offenses for criminal history purposes involves
interpretation of the revised Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act, K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-
6801 et seq. Statutory interpretation is a question of law subject to unlimited review.

2.
The revised Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act uses prior out-of-state convictions
when calculating a person's criminal history. Under the Act, Kansas classifies an out-of-
state conviction as a person or nonperson offense by referring to comparable offenses
under the Kansas criminal code. If the Kansas criminal code does not have a comparable
offense, the out-of-state conviction is classified as a nonperson crime.

3.
A prior out-of-state conviction must have elements identical to or narrower than a
Kansas person crime to be scored as a person crime.

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4.
The State has the burden at sentencing to prove an offender's criminal history by a
preponderance of the evidence. The district court's finding that the State met that burden
must be supported by substantial competent evidence.

5.
Under K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-6805(g)(1), if the trier of fact makes a finding that an
offender possessed a firearm in furtherance of a drug felony, that offender must be
sentenced to an additional six months' imprisonment.

6.
As a general rule, special questions may not be submitted to a jury for answer in a
criminal prosecution.

Review of the judgment of the Court of Appeals in an unpublished opinion filed February 16,
2018. Appeal from Geary District Court; RYAN W. ROSAUER, judge. Opinion filed June 28, 2019.
Judgment of the Court of Appeals affirming in part, vacating in part, and remanding to the district court is
affirmed in part and reversed in part. Judgment of the district court is reversed, sentences vacated, and
case remanded with directions.

Jennifer C. Roth, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, argued the cause and was on the brief for
appellant.

Jason B. Oxford, assistant county attorney, argued the cause, and Krista Blaisdell, county
attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were with him on the brief for appellee.

The opinion of the court was delivered by

BILES, J.: Christopher Obregon appeals his sentence after pleading no contest to
drug offenses. He challenges whether a prior Florida battery conviction should be

2
classified as a person felony. Obregon also disagrees with the Court of Appeals decision
to remand his case for a jury trial on whether a firearm sentence enhancement is
appropriate. We affirm in part, reverse in part, vacate sentences, and remand to the
district court with directions.

We vacate Obregon's sentence and order the district court to reconsider the Florida
conviction's person-crime classification. This is necessary because there were two
alternative means of committing the Florida offense, and it is unclear which provided the
basis for conviction. This may be significant because one version of the Florida offense
lacks a comparable Kansas person offense, so it would not support the person-crime
classification the district court gave it. See State v. Wetrich, 307 Kan. 552, Syl. ¶ 3, 412
P.3d 984 (2018). We also order that Obregon's resentencing proceed without the firearm
enhancement. The panel's remand for a jury finding is contrary to our state's general rule
against special verdicts in criminal cases.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Obregon pleaded no contest to one count each of marijuana possession with intent
to distribute and cocaine possession with intent to distribute. These offenses occurred in
May 2016. In exchange, the State dismissed 18 other drug charges.

Under K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-6805(g)(1), "if the trier of fact makes a finding that
an offender . . . in the furtherance of a drug felony, possessed a firearm, . . . the offender
shall be sentenced to: (A) . . . an additional 6 months' imprisonment." In its complaint,
the State alleged both counts Obregon pleaded to carry the statutory enhancement. The
plea agreement provided for the enhancement. The district court accepted Obregon's no
contest pleas, found him guilty of both offenses, and applied the enhancement.

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 Obregon's presentence investigation report recommended a B criminal history
score. It listed four prior convictions, including a 2012 Florida battery conviction, which
the PSI report recommended be scored as a person felony. Obregon would have had a
criminal history score of C if the Florida battery was scored as a nonperson felony. See
K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-6809 (criminal history categories in scale).

Florida's battery statute contains two ways to commit the offense. One is identical
to a Kansas battery, but the other is broader. See Fla. Stat. § 784.03(1)(a) (2009). The PSI
report did not show which version in the Florida statute Obregon was convicted of
violating. He did not object to his criminal history at sentencing.

The district court denied a downward dispositional departure motion and
sentenced Obregon to 79 months' imprisonment for cocaine possession and to a
concurrent 55-months' prison term for the marijuana possession. Obregon timely
appealed.

A Court of Appeals panel concluded the district court properly calculated
Obregon's criminal history score. State v. Obregon, No. 117,422, 2018 WL 911215, at *3
(Kan. App. 2018) (unpublished opinion). But it also held Obregon invalidly waived his
right to jury trial on the firearm enhancement. 2018 WL 911215, at *3. The panel vacated
the enhancement and remanded to the district court either for Obregon to properly waive
his jury trial right or for a jury to make the factual findings required by K.S.A. 2015
Supp. 21-6805(g)(1) regarding the firearm. 2018 WL 911215, at *3.

Obregon timely petitioned for review of the panel's decision, which we granted.
Jurisdiction is proper. See K.S.A. 20-3018(b) (providing for petitions for review of Court
of Appeals decisions); K.S.A. 60-2101(b) (Supreme Court has jurisdiction to review
Court of Appeals decisions upon petition for review).
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 THE FLORIDA BATTERY CONVICTION

To be scored as a person crime, a prior out-of-state conviction must have elements
identical to or narrower than a Kansas person crime. Wetrich, 307 Kan. at 562. Obregon
challenges whether the district court properly scored his Florida conviction as a person
crime without knowing which version of the Florida crime he committed.

Standard of review

Classification of prior offenses for criminal history purposes involves statutory
interpretation, which is a question of law subject to unlimited review. Wetrich, 307 Kan.
at 555 (applying unlimited review standard to whether prior out-of-state conviction
should be classified as person felony).

Discussion

Under the revised Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act:

"(1) Out-of-state convictions and juvenile adjudications shall be used in
classifying the offender's criminal history.

"(2) An out-of-state crime will be classified as either a felony or a misdemeanor
according to the convicting jurisdiction:

....

"(3) The state of Kansas shall classify the crime as person or nonperson. In
designating a crime as person or nonperson, comparable offenses under the Kansas
criminal code in effect on the date the current crime of conviction was committed shall be

5
 referred to. If the state of Kansas does not have a comparable offense in effect on the date
the current crime of conviction was committed, the out-of-state conviction shall be
classified as a nonperson crime." (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-6811(e).

At the time Obregon's sentence was pronounced, our caselaw construed K.S.A.
2015 Supp. 21-6811(e) (formerly K.S.A. 21-4711[e]) to mean "[f]or purposes of
determining criminal history, the offenses need only be comparable, not identical." State
v. Vandervort, 276 Kan. 164, 179, 72 P.3d 925 (2003). "[T]he comparable offense" was
"the closest approximation to" the out-of-state crime. 276 Kan. at 179. But Obregon seeks
the benefit of Wetrich, which announced a different interpretation on March 9, 2018—
more than a year after Obregon was sentenced, and a month after the Court of Appeals
decision rejecting his criminal-history-score challenge. See Obregon, 2018 WL 911215,
at *1 (opinion filed February 16, 2018).

Our recent caselaw supports Obregon. In State v. Murdock, 309 Kan. 585, 591-92,
439 P.3d 307 (2019) (Murdock II), we held that "a party may seek and obtain the benefit
of a change in the law during the pendency of a direct appeal, but a party moving to
correct an illegal sentence is stuck with the law in effect at the time the sentence was
pronounced." See also State v. Newton, 309 Kan. __, 2019 WL 2399484, at *3 (No.
116,098, filed June 7, 2019) (holding defendant sentenced before Wetrich could not rely
on Wetrich in motion to correct an illegal sentence); State v. Keel, 302 Kan. 560, 562,
357 P.3d 251 (2015) (reaching merits of defendant's sentencing challenge relying on
State v. Murdock, 299 Kan. 312, 319, 323 P.3d 846 [2014] [Murdock I], when defendant
"filed a motion with [the Supreme] [C]ourt to correct an illegal sentence" after review
was granted in his direct appeal). Accordingly, we apply Wetrich to Obregon's sentencing
appeal.

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 The Wetrich court held:

"For an out-of-state conviction to be comparable to an offense under the Kansas criminal
code, the elements of the out-of-state crime cannot be broader than the elements of the
Kansas crime. In other words, the elements of the out-of-state crime must be identical to,
or narrower than, the elements of the Kansas crime to which it is being referenced."
(Emphasis added.) 307 Kan. at 562.

If any element in the out-of-state crime is broader than any element comprising the
Kansas crime to which it is being compared, the crimes are not comparable and the out-
of-state crime must be classified as a nonperson offense. 307 Kan. 552, Syl. ¶ 3. In
Wetrich, the court noted a Missouri burglary statute defined the structure involved to
include "non-dwelling places," so this made the Missouri statute broader than the Kansas
burglary-of-a-dwelling statute, which specified the structure must be a dwelling. 307
Kan. at 563-64. Also, the Missouri statute required a specific intent to "commit any
crime," which was broader than the Kansas statute's "intent to commit a felony, theft, or
sexual battery therein." 307 Kan. at 563.

In State v. Buell, 307 Kan. 604, 608, 412 P.3d 1004 (2018), the Kansas burglary-
of-a-dwelling offense was determined not to be comparable to a Florida burglary because
it could be committed "'with the intent to commit an offense therein,'" as opposed to
Kansas' required "'intent to commit a felony, theft or sexual battery therein.'" Similarly in
State v. Moore, 307 Kan. 599, 603, 412 P.3d 965 (2018), the court held the mental state
element for Oregon burglary, i.e., "'intent to commit a crime'" in a dwelling, was fatally
broader than the Kansas element.

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 In Florida, "[t]he offense of battery occurs when a person: 1. Actually and
intentionally touches or strikes another person against the will of the other; or 2.
Intentionally causes bodily harm to another person." (Emphasis added.) Fla. Stat.
§ 784.03(1)(a). The crime is a felony when it is committed by "[a] person who has one
prior conviction for battery, aggravated battery, or felony battery . . . ." Fla. Stat.
§ 784.03(2). But a different offense called "Felony battery" occurs when a person "(a)
Actually and intentionally touches or strikes another person against the will of the other;
and (b) Causes great bodily harm, permanent disability, or permanent disfigurement."
Fla. Stat. § 784.041 (2007).

In Kansas, "[b]attery is: (1) Knowingly or recklessly causing bodily harm to
another person; or (2) knowingly causing physical contact with another person when
done in a rude, insulting or angry manner." K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-5413(a). It is a person
crime. K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-5413(g).

The State has not filed any pleading or brief since its Court of Appeals brief,
which predated Wetrich, so it does not argue how the Wetrich rule applies to scoring
Obregon's actual Florida offense.

Although there are two Florida offenses to consider, they are virtually identical as
to mental state with both being narrower than the mental state required for the Kansas
crime, so that aspect does not undermine the comparison. A Kansas battery is committed
by "knowingly" or "recklessly" performing the prohibited act, but the Florida offense
requires the offender act intentionally.

The problem presented comes in reviewing the prohibited conduct, which does not
perfectly align between Florida and Kansas. As Obregon acknowledges, a Florida battery
committed by causing bodily harm, either under Fla. Stat. § 784.03(1)(a) or Fla. Stat.
8
§ 784.041 is narrower than the K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-5413(a)(1) crime. But he counters
that a touching "against the will of the other" is broader than the K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-
5413(a)(2) crime because that conduct would not necessarily amount to a touching "done
in a rude, insulting or angry manner."

In Florida, whether a touching amounts to battery turns on the victim's will. "[I]t is
clear from Section 784.03 that any intentional touching of another person against such
person's will is technically a criminal battery." D.C. v. State, 436 So. 2d 203, 206 (Fla.
Dist. Ct. App. 1983). But in Kansas, whether a touching amounts to battery turns on the
manner in which it is done. See K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-5413(a)(2). As Obregon argues, a
touching done against a person's will is not necessarily a touching done in a "rude,
insulting or angry manner." See Williams v. Weber, 905 F. Supp. 1502, 1510 (D. Kan.
1995) (ruling genuine issue of material fact precluded summary judgment on whether
officer had probable cause to arrest plaintiff for battery based on plaintiff allegedly
striking officer's hand when retrieving wallet from officer, when plaintiff testified he was
"not rude, insulting or angry" in doing so).

Obregon's circumstances present a variation to the Wetrich analysis because we
must consider what happens when the Kansas and out-of-state offenses are both what
Kansas law refers to as alternative means crimes, i.e., offenses with multiple distinct sets
of elements. See State v. Brown, 295 Kan. 181, 194, 284 P.3d 977 (2012). But see Moore,
307 Kan. at 603 ("Many alternative means may have supported the Oregon mental state
element—e.g., intent to engage in disorderly conduct—that would not have been any
kind of burglary in Kansas."); cf. Mathis v. United States, 579 U.S. __, 136 S. Ct. 2243,
2249, 195 L. Ed. 2d 604 (2016) ("'[L]egislatures frequently enumerate alternative means
of committing a crime without intending to define separate elements or separate
crimes.'"). Obregon contends the district court must determine which Florida battery
offense he committed and score the offense as a nonperson felony if the State cannot
9
demonstrate he intentionally caused bodily harm to another person, or if it turns out the
offense occurred under the unwanted touching provision. We agree.

In an analogous situation, the United States Supreme Court has "recognized a
'narrow range of cases' in which sentencing courts . . . may look beyond the statutory
elements . . . ." Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254, 261, 133 S. Ct. 2276, 186 L.
Ed. 2d 438 (2013). When a "statute is 'divisible'—i.e., comprises multiple, alternative
versions of the crime—a later sentencing court cannot tell, without reviewing something
more, if the defendant's conviction" arose under any particular alternative. 570 U.S. at
262. In those cases, the Court's caselaw permits "sentencing courts . . . to examine a
limited class of documents to determine which of a statute's alternative elements formed
the basis of the defendant's prior conviction." 570 U.S. at 262; see also Johnson v. United
States, 559 U.S. 133, 144, 130 S. Ct. 1265, 176 L. Ed. 2d 1 (2010) ("When the law under
which the defendant has been convicted contains statutory phrases that cover several
different generic crimes . . . , the '"modified categorical approach"' . . . permits a court to
determine which statutory phrase was the basis for the conviction by consulting the trial
record—including charging documents, plea agreements, transcripts of plea colloquies,
findings of fact and conclusions of law from a bench trial, and jury instructions and
verdict forms.").

Wetrich implicitly recognizes the comparability analysis may focus on one of
various alternative means of committing an offense. The Wetrich court compared the out-
of-state offense to a particular subsection of the prior Kansas burglary statute, K.S.A. 21-
3715(a), which made burglaries of dwellings person crimes. Wetrich, 307 Kan. at 563.
Similarly, Moore also implicitly recognized this because it could have resolved the
comparison between the earlier Kansas burglary statute, K.S.A. 21-3715, and an Oregon
burglary statute on the grounds that the Oregon statute criminalized entering or remaining
in a dwelling, a structure, or a conveyance with the requisite criminal intent—not just a
10
dwelling. Instead, Moore focused on whether the criminal intent for an Oregon dwelling
burglary—"'intent to commit a crime therein'"—was broader than the criminal intent
required for Kansas' dwelling burglary, i.e., "intent to commit a felony, theft or sexual
battery therein." 307 Kan. at 603. In other words, if comparison based on the specific,
alternative means of the Kansas and out-of-state statutes at issue was not permitted, the
more particularized analyses in these cases would not have been necessary.

We should also clarify how this alternative means problem fits within our standard
of review for these person-crime classification cases. Typically we describe the
classification issue as a question of law, but it is a bit more nuanced because it is the
State's burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant committed
a crime for which classification is appropriate. See K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-6814; State v.
Hughes, 290 Kan. 159, 162, 224 P.3d 1149 (2010). And when the crime in question is an
out-of-state offense with alternative means—some of which would not be comparable to
Kansas person crimes—the State's burden is to establish that the defendant committed a
version of the offense supporting the person classification.

On appeal, the district court's finding that the State met its crime classification
burden must be supported by substantial competent evidence to withstand scrutiny. 290
Kan. at 162. The presentence investigation summary frequently can satisfy the State's
burden absent defendant's objection, but more is required when the summary does not
indicate which version of the out-of-state offense the defendant committed. See K.S.A.
2018 Supp. 21-6814(b), (c). And failing additional proof, the person-crime classification
is erroneous as a matter of law. See Wetrich, 307 Kan. at 562 (elements of out-of-state
offense must be identical to, or narrower than, elements of Kansas comparator).

Applying this clarified standard of review, we hold the district court erred in
classifying Obregon's Florida battery conviction as a person crime. The PSI report is the
11
only item in the record establishing the conviction as part of his criminal history, and it
does not indicate what version of the offense he committed. This means on this record
there is not substantial competent evidence to support the district court finding that
Obregon committed a Florida offense with a comparable Kansas person crime. And
because the Florida offense on its face is broader than the Kansas comparator, it should
not have been classified as a person offense under Wetrich without supporting evidence.

Remand is necessary so the district court can determine the appropriate
classification. At resentencing, the State will have the burden to prove Obregon's criminal
history by a preponderance of the evidence. See K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-6814; Hughes,
290 Kan. at 162.

THE FIREARM ENHANCEMENT

In Kansas, a drug felony carries a six-month sentence enhancement if the trier of
fact finds the defendant carried a firearm to commit a crime or possessed a firearm in
furtherance of it. K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-6805(g)(1). In Obregon's case, he pleaded no
contest to the base drug offenses, but not to any facts upon which the enhancement could
be grounded. On review, he questions whether the panel erred by remanding his case for
a jury to determine if the firearm enhancement should apply. We agree this was error.

Under the KSGA:

"(g)(1) Except as provided further, if the trier of fact makes a finding that an
offender carried a firearm to commit a drug felony, or in furtherance of a drug felony,
possessed a firearm, in addition to the sentence imposed pursuant to K.S.A. 21-6801
through 21-6824, and amendments thereto, the offender shall be sentenced to:

12
 (A) Except as provided in subsection (g)(1)(B), an additional 6 months'
imprisonment; and

(B) if the trier of fact makes a finding that the firearm was discharged, an
additional 18 months' imprisonment.

"(2) The sentence imposed pursuant to subsection (g)(1) shall be presumptive
imprisonment. Such sentence shall not be considered a departure and shall not be subject
to appeal." K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-6805(g)(1) and (2).

The panel held the enhancement violated Obregon's right under Apprendi v. New
Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), because he did not
validly waive his jury trial right. Obregon, 2018 WL 911215, at *3. The State did not
cross-petition for review of that holding so the question is settled for this case. See State
v. Gonzalez, 307 Kan. 575, 590, 412 P.3d 968 (2018) (an issue is settled when the State
failed to cross-petition for review of Court of Appeals' determination that defendant's
constitutional and statutory rights to be present were violated).

Obregon argues a jury trial is not appropriate because the statute does not provide
for a procedure by which a trier of fact can make an Apprendi-compliant finding in a case
with the same procedural posture as his. He cites State v. Kessler, 276 Kan. 202, 217, 73
P.3d 761 (2003), for the proposition that "a district court cannot fashion its own
Apprendi-compliant mechanism," but Kessler is distinguishable because the statutory
mechanism for imposing an upward durational departure sentence was declared
unconstitutional. That has not happened here. The enhancement statute simply
contemplates the firearm question be submitted to the trier of fact, which in the Court of
Appeals' view was not properly done.

13
 Obregon points out the panel's mandate conflicts with remedies ordered by other
panels that concluded firearm enhancements were imposed in violation of Apprendi,
referring to State v. Jernigan, No. 116,410, 2018 WL 1123926, at *4 (Kan. App. 2018)
(unpublished opinion), and State v. Morales, No. 114,223, 2016 WL 4070748, at *4
(Kan. App. 2016) (unpublished opinion). In both cases, the panels vacated the defendants'
sentences and remanded for resentencing without the enhancement. See also State v.
Housworth, No. 115,836, 2017 WL 2834502, at *7, 16 (Kan. App. 2016) (unpublished
opinion) (vacating sentence because enhancement was "illegal," since jury did not make
the finding, and remanding for resentencing). Similarly, we note in State v. Allen, 283
Kan. 372, 379, 153 P.3d 488 (2007), the court simply vacated the sentence and remanded
for resentencing after holding defendant's Apprendi rights were violated by a sentence
that was calculated using a "persistent sex offender" enhancement, which in turn was
based on the trial court's finding that a prior conviction was "sexually motivated." And in
State v. Bello, 289 Kan. 191, 199-200, 211 P.3d 139 (2009), the court vacated an off-grid
sentence imposed under Jessica's Law when the offender's age was found by the judge
rather than the jury. In doing so, the court specifically "remanded for resentencing the
convictions as on-grid felonies . . . ." 289 Kan. at 200. But these decisions do not address
whether remand for a jury finding would have been permissible for the enhancement, so
they are of little analytical value.

Nevertheless, these cases are consistent with Kansas caselaw generally prohibiting
special jury verdicts in criminal cases. See State v. Brown, 298 Kan. 1040, 1047, 318
P.3d 1005 (2014) ("A special verdict 'is one where the jury does not render a general
verdict of guilty or not guilty, but simply finds certain facts and leaves the rest to the
court.'"). "[I]n criminal cases, '"it has always been the function of the jury to apply the
law, as given by the court in its charge, to the facts."'" 298 Kan. at 1046. "'In general the
only proper verdicts to be submitted in a criminal prosecution are "guilty" or "not guilty"
of the charges.'" 298 Kan. at 1046 (quoting State v. Osburn, 211 Kan. 248, 255-56, 505
14
P.2d 742 [1973]). In Brown, the court applied this rule to hold a district court erred by
submitting to the jury the question whether the defendant was over 18 at the time of his
crimes as "special questions on the verdict forms rather than in guilty verdicts that were
informed by instructions that included the defendant's age as an enumerated element."
298 Kan. at 1046. The court noted the Legislature had "established procedures whereby
sentence-enhancing fact(s), i.e., elements of a greater offense, may be determined by a
jury after it has already reached an initial verdict of guilty on the lesser degree of the
offense." 298 Kan. at 1047. The court cited K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 21-6817(b)(2), which
permits a trial court to determine whether evidence of aggravating factors for departure
purposes should be submitted to the jury in a separate departure sentencing hearing after
the verdict. In the Brown court's view, "[s]uch serial factfinding is similar to that effected
through the verdict forms special questions in this case." 298 Kan. at 1047-48.

In Obregon's case, the district court already entered its judgment of conviction. A
general guilty or not guilty verdict would not be possible on remand. And, as Obregon
points out, the Legislature has not created a statutory exception to the general rule against
special verdicts for a firearm enhancement to be determined separately after the verdict.
This appeal concerns only his sentences, and, more pointedly, whether he used a firearm
to commit his drug possession offenses.

The sentences are vacated and the case is remanded for resentencing in a manner
consistent with this opinion, without the enhancement.

***

JOHNSON, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part: Addressing the issues in
reverse order, I agree with the majority's result on the firearms enhancement, i.e., the
district court must resentence Obregon without the enhancement. With respect to the
15
criminal history issue, I agree that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to
support the classification of the Florida battery conviction as a person felony. That
insufficiency of evidence should result in our vacating the sentence and remanding for
resentencing with a criminal history score of C, which the majority identifies as the
proper score when the Florida conviction is classified as nonperson.

16